2024-03-21
definition
IAO:0000233
external
term_tracker_item
true
true
term_tracker_item
term tracker item
IAO:0000700
external
has_ontology_root_term
true
true
has_ontology_root_term
has ontology root term
term replaced by
Rhea list of ChEBI terms representing the major species at pH 7.3.
Term not to be used for direct annotation
Terms planned for obsoletion
AGR slim
Aspergillus GO slim
Candida GO slim
ChEMBL protein targets summary
Drosophila GO slim
GO ribbon for eukaroytic cellular processes
Insecta GO ribbon slim
Generic GO slim
Metagenomics GO slim
Mouse GO slim
PIR GO slim
Plant GO slim
Plant GO ribbon
Fission yeast GO slim
GO subset for prokaryotes
Prokaryote GO ribbon slim
synapse GO slim
Yeast GO slim
label approved by the SynGO project
Systematic synonym
subset_property
synonym_type_property
consider
has_alternative_id
has_broad_synonym
database_cross_reference
has_exact_synonym
has_narrow_synonym
has_obo_format_version
has_obo_namespace
has_related_synonym
has_scope
has_synonym_type
in_subset
shorthand
BFO:0000050
external
part_of
part_of
part of
BFO:0000051
external
has_part
has_part
has part
BFO:0000066
external
occurs_in
occurs_in
occurs in
RO:0002091
external
starts_during
starts_during
starts during
RO:0002092
external
happens_during
happens_during
happens during
RO:0002093
external
ends_during
ends_during
ends during
RO:0002211
external
regulates
regulates
regulates
RO:0002212
external
negatively_regulates
negatively_regulates
negatively regulates
RO:0002213
external
positively_regulates
positively_regulates
positively regulates
The directed movement of a ribosomal subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
ribosomal subunit export from cell nucleus
ribosomal subunit export out of nucleus
ribosomal subunit transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
ribosomal subunit-nucleus export
biological_process
ribosome export from nucleus
GO:0000054
ribosomal subunit export from nucleus
ribosome export from nucleus
GOC:mah
GOC:rb
The directed movement of a ribosomal subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
GOC:ai
ribosomal subunit export from cell nucleus
GOC:mah
ribosomal subunit export out of nucleus
GOC:mah
ribosomal subunit transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
GOC:mah
ribosomal subunit-nucleus export
GOC:mah
Progression through the phases of the mitotic cell cycle, the most common eukaryotic cell cycle, which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. In some variant cell cycles nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division, or G1 and G2 phases may be absent.
GO:0007067
Wikipedia:Mitosis
biological_process
mitosis
GO:0000278
Note that this term should not be confused with 'GO:0140014 ; mitotic nuclear division'. 'GO:0000278 ; mitotic cell cycle represents the entire mitotic cell cycle, while 'GO:0140014 ; mitotic nuclear division' specifically represents the actual nuclear division step of the mitotic cell cycle.
mitotic cell cycle
Progression through the phases of the mitotic cell cycle, the most common eukaryotic cell cycle, which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. In some variant cell cycles nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division, or G1 and G2 phases may be absent.
GOC:mah
ISBN:0815316194
Reactome:69278
A conjugation process that results in the union of cellular and genetic information from compatible mating types. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
GO:0007322
GO:0007333
GO:0030461
GO:0030477
Wikipedia:Conjugation
biological_process
cell fusion
mating
GO:0000747
conjugation with cellular fusion
A conjugation process that results in the union of cellular and genetic information from compatible mating types. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
GOC:elh
The developmental process in which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized.
GO:0007148
GO:0045790
GO:0045791
cellular morphogenesis
biological_process
GO:0000902
cell morphogenesis
The developmental process in which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized.
GOC:clt
GOC:dph
GOC:go_curators
GOC:tb
The division of the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane of a cell and its partitioning into two daughter cells.
GO:0007104
GO:0016288
GO:0033205
Wikipedia:Cytokinesis
cell cycle cytokinesis
cytokinesis involved in cell cycle
biological_process
GO:0000910
Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. When annotating eukaryotic species, mitotic or meiotic cytokinesis should always be specified for manual annotation and for prokaryotic species use 'FtsZ-dependent cytokinesis ; GO:0043093' or Cdv-dependent cytokinesis ; GO:0061639. Also, note that cytokinesis does not necessarily result in physical separation and detachment of the two daughter cells from each other.
cytokinesis
The division of the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane of a cell and its partitioning into two daughter cells.
GOC:mtg_cell_cycle
cytokinesis involved in cell cycle
GOC:dph
GOC:tb
A growth pattern exhibited by budding haploid cells under certain growth conditions, in which cells retain the typical axial budding pattern of haploids, but become elongated and fail to separate after division; during growth on a solid substrate, this results in penetration of cells into the agar medium. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
biological_process
colony morphology
GO:0001403
Note that this term should not be used to describe the invasion of host tissues by pathogenic organisms, which is described by the biological process term 'entry into host ; GO:0044409', nor should it be used to describe growth of diseased cells of an organism into the surrounding normal tissue, which is outside of the scope of GO.
invasive growth in response to glucose limitation
A growth pattern exhibited by budding haploid cells under certain growth conditions, in which cells retain the typical axial budding pattern of haploids, but become elongated and fail to separate after division; during growth on a solid substrate, this results in penetration of cells into the agar medium. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
GOC:mcc
PMID:9728395
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein in the cytoplasm. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein.
hjd
2011-06-09T03:11:53Z
biological_process
GO:0002181
Note that this term applies to translation performed by cytoplasmic ribosomes, which is distinct from translation performed by organellar ribosomes. For mitochondrial translation, consider GO:0032543 'mitochondrial translation' or its child terms.
cytoplasmic translation
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein in the cytoplasm. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein.
GOC:hjd
A molecular process that can be carried out by the action of a single macromolecular machine, usually via direct physical interactions with other molecular entities. Function in this sense denotes an action, or activity, that a gene product (or a complex) performs.
GO:0005554
molecular function
molecular_function
GO:0003674
Note that, in addition to forming the root of the molecular function ontology, this term is recommended for the annotation of gene products whose molecular function is unknown. When this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the molecular function of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code 'no data' (ND), is used to indicate this. Despite its name, this is not a type of 'function' in the sense typically defined by upper ontologies such as Basic Formal Ontology (BFO). It is instead a BFO:process carried out by a single gene product or complex.
molecular_function
A molecular process that can be carried out by the action of a single macromolecular machine, usually via direct physical interactions with other molecular entities. Function in this sense denotes an action, or activity, that a gene product (or a complex) performs.
GOC:pdt
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
GO:0043566
plasmid binding
molecular_function
microtubule/chromatin interaction
structure specific DNA binding
structure-specific DNA binding
GO:0003677
DNA binding
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
GOC:dph
GOC:jl
GOC:tb
GOC:vw
Binding to chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.
lamin/chromatin binding
microtubule/chromatin interaction
nuclear membrane vesicle binding to chromatin
molecular_function
GO:0003682
chromatin binding
Binding to chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.
GOC:jl
ISBN:0198506732
PMID:20404130
A transcription regulator activity that modulates transcription of gene sets via selective and non-covalent binding to a specific double-stranded genomic DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within a cis-regulatory region. Regulatory regions include promoters (proximal and distal) and enhancers. Genes are transcriptional units, and include bacterial operons.
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/15704
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/16534
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/20253
krc
2010-10-21T04:37:54Z
GO:0000130
GO:0001071
GO:0001130
GO:0001131
GO:0001151
GO:0001199
GO:0001204
nucleic acid binding transcription factor activity
transcription factor activity
DNA binding transcription factor activity
gene-specific transcription factor activity
sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity
bacterial-type DNA binding transcription factor activity
bacterial-type RNA polymerase core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity
bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcription enhancer sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity
bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcription factor activity, metal ion regulated sequence-specific DNA binding
bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding
metal ion regulated sequence-specific DNA binding bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcription factor activity
metal ion regulated sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity
sequence-specific DNA binding bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcription factor activity
transcription factor activity, bacterial-type RNA polymerase core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding
transcription factor activity, bacterial-type RNA polymerase proximal promoter sequence-specific DNA binding
transcription factor activity, bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcription enhancer sequence-specific binding
transcription factor activity, metal ion regulated sequence-specific DNA binding
molecular_function
GO:0003700
Usage guidance: Most DNA-binding transcription factors do not have enzymatic activity. The presence of specific DNA-binding domains known to be present in DNA-binding transcription factors (HOX, GATA etc) should be used to help decide whether a protein is a DNA binding transcription factor or a coregulator. If a protein has an enzymatic activity (for example, ubiquitin ligase, histone acetyl transferase) and no known DNA binding domain, consider annotating to GO:0003712 transcription coregulator activity. Special care should be taken with proteins containing zinc fingers, Myb/SANT and ARID domains, since only a subset of proteins containing these domains directly and selectively bind to regulatory DNA motifs in cis-regulatory regions.
DNA-binding transcription factor activity
A transcription regulator activity that modulates transcription of gene sets via selective and non-covalent binding to a specific double-stranded genomic DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within a cis-regulatory region. Regulatory regions include promoters (proximal and distal) and enhancers. Genes are transcriptional units, and include bacterial operons.
GOC:txnOH-2018
Binding to an RNA molecule or a portion thereof.
GO:0000498
GO:0044822
Reactome:R-HSA-203922
base pairing with RNA
molecular_function
poly(A) RNA binding
poly(A)-RNA binding
poly-A RNA binding
GO:0003723
RNA binding
Binding to an RNA molecule or a portion thereof.
GOC:jl
GOC:mah
Reactome:R-HSA-203922
Exportin-5 recognizes 3' overhang of pre-miRNA
Binding to messenger RNA (mRNA), an intermediate molecule between DNA and protein. mRNA includes UTR and coding sequences, but does not contain introns.
GO:0000499
base pairing with mRNA
molecular_function
GO:0003729
mRNA binding
Binding to messenger RNA (mRNA), an intermediate molecule between DNA and protein. mRNA includes UTR and coding sequences, but does not contain introns.
GOC:kmv
GOC:pr
SO:0000234
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the ribosome.
GO:0003736
GO:0003737
GO:0003738
GO:0003739
GO:0003740
GO:0003741
GO:0003742
ribosomal protein
molecular_function
ribosomal RNA
GO:0003735
Note that this term may be used to annotate ribosomal RNAs as well as ribosomal proteins.
structural constituent of ribosome
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the ribosome.
GOC:mah
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + H+ + phosphate.
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/19078
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/26014
dph
2015-11-11T12:47:56Z
GO:0061745
hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, acting on GTP, involved in cellular and subcellular movement
MetaCyc:RXN0-5462
RHEA:19669
Reactome:R-HSA-1445143
Reactome:R-HSA-1458485
Reactome:R-HSA-156923
Reactome:R-HSA-164381
Reactome:R-HSA-165055
Reactome:R-HSA-167415
Reactome:R-HSA-170666
Reactome:R-HSA-170685
Reactome:R-HSA-170686
Reactome:R-HSA-177501
Reactome:R-HSA-203973
Reactome:R-HSA-2130641
Reactome:R-HSA-2130725
Reactome:R-HSA-2584246
Reactome:R-HSA-380979
Reactome:R-HSA-392133
Reactome:R-HSA-392212
Reactome:R-HSA-418574
Reactome:R-HSA-418582
Reactome:R-HSA-421835
Reactome:R-HSA-428941
Reactome:R-HSA-432707
Reactome:R-HSA-5333615
Reactome:R-HSA-5389839
Reactome:R-HSA-5389842
Reactome:R-HSA-5419273
Reactome:R-HSA-5419279
Reactome:R-HSA-555065
Reactome:R-HSA-5623513
Reactome:R-HSA-5638006
Reactome:R-HSA-5658231
Reactome:R-HSA-5665809
Reactome:R-HSA-5672017
Reactome:R-HSA-5694527
Reactome:R-HSA-6807877
Reactome:R-HSA-6814833
Reactome:R-HSA-8847534
Reactome:R-HSA-8847883
Reactome:R-HSA-8849082
Reactome:R-HSA-8854173
Reactome:R-HSA-8854255
Reactome:R-HSA-8854329
Reactome:R-HSA-8854604
Reactome:R-HSA-8854612
Reactome:R-HSA-8868661
Reactome:R-HSA-8981353
Reactome:R-HSA-8982020
Reactome:R-HSA-8982021
Reactome:R-HSA-8982025
Reactome:R-HSA-9018814
Reactome:R-HSA-9018826
Reactome:R-HSA-9640195
Reactome:R-HSA-9645598
Reactome:R-HSA-9649736
Reactome:R-HSA-983422
ARF small monomeric GTPase activity
RHEB small monomeric GTPase activity
Rab small monomeric GTPase activity
Ran small monomeric GTPase activity
Ras small monomeric GTPase activity
Rho small monomeric GTPase activity
Sar small monomeric GTPase activity
dynamin GTPase activity
heterotrimeric G-protein GTPase activity
protein-synthesizing GTPase activity
protein-synthesizing GTPase activity, elongation
protein-synthesizing GTPase activity, initiation
protein-synthesizing GTPase activity, termination
signal-recognition-particle GTPase activity
small monomeric GTPase activity
tubulin GTPase activity
molecular_function
GTPase activity, coupled
heterotrimeric G-protein GTPase, alpha-subunit
heterotrimeric G-protein GTPase, beta-subunit
heterotrimeric G-protein GTPase, gamma-subunit
GO:0003924
GTPase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + H+ + phosphate.
PMID:26832457
PMID:27218782
Reactome:R-HSA-1445143
RAB8A,10,13,14 hydrolyze GTP
Reactome:R-HSA-1458485
RALA hydrolyzes GTP
Reactome:R-HSA-156923
Hydrolysis of eEF1A:GTP
Reactome:R-HSA-164381
G alpha (s) auto-inactivates by hydrolysing GTP to GDP
Reactome:R-HSA-165055
Hydrolysis of Ran:GTP to Ran:GDP
Reactome:R-HSA-167415
G-protein alpha subunit is inactivated
Reactome:R-HSA-170666
Adenylate cyclase increases the GTPase activity of G alpha-olf
Reactome:R-HSA-170685
Adenylaye cyclase increases the GTPase activity of G alpha-olf
Reactome:R-HSA-170686
Adenylate cyclase increases the GTPase activity of Gi alpha
Reactome:R-HSA-177501
Endocytosis (internalization) of clathrin-coated vesicle
Reactome:R-HSA-203973
Vesicle budding
Reactome:R-HSA-2130641
Translocation of TGN-lysosome vesicle to lysosome
Reactome:R-HSA-2130725
Internalization of MHC II:Ii clathrin coated vesicle
Reactome:R-HSA-2584246
GNAT1-GTP hydrolyses its bound GTP to GDP
Reactome:R-HSA-380979
RHEB in mTORC1:RHEB:GTP hydrolyses GTP
Reactome:R-HSA-392133
G alpha (z) auto-inactivates by hydrolysing GTP to GDP
Reactome:R-HSA-392212
G alpha (i) auto-inactivates by hydrolysing GTP to GDP
Reactome:R-HSA-418574
G alpha (12/13) auto-inactivates by hydrolysing GTP to GDP
Reactome:R-HSA-418582
G alpha (q) auto-inactivates by hydrolysing GTP to GDP
Reactome:R-HSA-421835
trans-Golgi Network Vesicle Scission
Reactome:R-HSA-428941
P2Y purinoceptor 1 activates MAP kinase p38 alpha
Reactome:R-HSA-432707
trans-Golgi Network Lysosomal Vesicle Scission
Reactome:R-HSA-5333615
80S:Met-tRNAi:mRNA:SECISBP2:Sec-tRNA(Sec):EEFSEC:GTP is hydrolysed to 80S:Met-tRNAi:mRNA:SECISBP2:Sec and EEFSEC:GDP by EEFSEC
Reactome:R-HSA-5389839
39S subunit binds 28S subunit:mRNA:fMet-tRNA
Reactome:R-HSA-5389842
TUFM hydrolyzes GTP and TUFM:GDP dissociates from 55S ribosome
Reactome:R-HSA-5419273
Hydrolysis of GTP and dissociation of 28S and 39S subunits
Reactome:R-HSA-5419279
Translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from A-site to P-site (and translocation of 55S ribosome by 3 bases along mRNA)
Reactome:R-HSA-555065
Formation of clathrin coated vesicle
Reactome:R-HSA-5623513
ASAP1 stimulates GTPase activity of ARF4
Reactome:R-HSA-5638006
ARL3 hydrolyzes GTP
Reactome:R-HSA-5658231
RAS GAPs stimulate RAS GTPase activity
Reactome:R-HSA-5665809
SRGAP2 stimulates RAC1 GTP-ase activity and ends FMNL1-mediated elongation of actin filaments
Reactome:R-HSA-5672017
Rheb in the MTORC1 complex hydrolyses GTP
Reactome:R-HSA-5694527
Loss of SAR1B GTPase
Reactome:R-HSA-6807877
ARFGAPs stimulate ARF GTPase activity
Reactome:R-HSA-6814833
TBC1D20 stimulates GTPase activity of RAB1, resulting in hydrolysis of GTP
Reactome:R-HSA-8847534
RAB43 hydrolyses GTP
Reactome:R-HSA-8847883
CYTH proteins stimulate ARF1 GTPase activity
Reactome:R-HSA-8849082
ARHGAP35 stimulates RHOA GTPase activity
Reactome:R-HSA-8854173
TBC RabGAPs accelerate GTP hydrolysis by RAB35
Reactome:R-HSA-8854255
TBC1D2A accelerates GTP hydrolysis by RAB7
Reactome:R-HSA-8854329
TBC1D15 accelerates GTP hydrolysis by RAB7
Reactome:R-HSA-8854604
TBC1D16 accelerates GTP hydrolysis by RAB4A
Reactome:R-HSA-8854612
TBC1D25 accelerates GTP hydrolysis by RAB33B
Reactome:R-HSA-8868661
Dynamin-mediated GTP hydrolysis promotes vesicle scission
Reactome:R-HSA-8981353
RASA1 stimulates RAS GTPase activity
Reactome:R-HSA-8982020
G alpha (i)i1/i2/i3 in G (i):RGS complex is inactivated
Reactome:R-HSA-8982021
G alpha (z) in G alpha (z):RGS complex is inactivated
Reactome:R-HSA-8982025
G alpha (q) in G (q):RGS complex is inactivated
Reactome:R-HSA-9018814
RHOT1 hydrolyzes GTP
Reactome:R-HSA-9018826
RHOT2 hydrolyzes GTP
Reactome:R-HSA-9640195
RRAGA,B hydrolyzes GTP
Reactome:R-HSA-9645598
RRAGC,D hydrolyzes GTP
Reactome:R-HSA-9649736
RAS intrinsic GTPase activity hydrolyzes GTP to GDP
Reactome:R-HSA-983422
Disassembly of COPII coated vesicle
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to drive the unwinding of a DNA or RNA helix.
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/21393
GO:0008026
Reactome:R-HSA-169461
Reactome:R-HSA-169468
Reactome:R-HSA-5686410
Reactome:R-HSA-5690996
ATP-dependent helicase activity
molecular_function
GO:0004386
Note that most helicases catalyze processive duplex unwinding.
helicase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to drive the unwinding of a DNA or RNA helix.
GOC:jl
Reactome:R-HSA-169461
MCM8 mediated fork unwinding
Reactome:R-HSA-169468
MCM2-7 mediated fork unwinding
Reactome:R-HSA-5686410
BLM mediates dissolution of double Holliday junction
Reactome:R-HSA-5690996
ERCC2 and ERCC3 DNA helicases form an open bubble structure in damaged DNA
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids.
molecular_function
GO:0004518
Note that 'tRNA nucleotidyltransferase activity ; GO:0009022', also known as 'ribonuclease PH', and 'DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase activity ; GO:0003906' do not have parentage in the 'nuclease activity' branch of the ontology because both GO and the Enzyme Commission define nuclease activity as a type of hydrolysis.
nuclease activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids.
ISBN:0198547684
Stimulates the exchange of GDP to GTP on a signaling GTPase, changing its conformation to its active form. Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) act by stimulating the release of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) to allow binding of guanosine triphosphate (GTP), which is more abundant in the cell under normal cellular physiological conditions.
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/18749
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/18750
GO:0005086
GO:0005087
GO:0005088
GO:0005089
GO:0005090
GO:0008321
GO:0008433
GO:0016219
GO:0016220
GO:0017034
GO:0017112
GO:0017132
GO:0019839
GO:0030676
Reactome:R-HSA-109807
Reactome:R-HSA-109817
Reactome:R-HSA-114544
Reactome:R-HSA-1168636
Reactome:R-HSA-1225951
Reactome:R-HSA-1225957
Reactome:R-HSA-1250383
Reactome:R-HSA-1250463
Reactome:R-HSA-1250498
Reactome:R-HSA-1306972
Reactome:R-HSA-1433415
Reactome:R-HSA-1433471
Reactome:R-HSA-156913
Reactome:R-HSA-169904
Reactome:R-HSA-170979
Reactome:R-HSA-171026
Reactome:R-HSA-177938
Reactome:R-HSA-177945
Reactome:R-HSA-180687
Reactome:R-HSA-186834
Reactome:R-HSA-187746
Reactome:R-HSA-194518
Reactome:R-HSA-2029445
Reactome:R-HSA-2029451
Reactome:R-HSA-2029467
Reactome:R-HSA-203977
Reactome:R-HSA-205039
Reactome:R-HSA-210977
Reactome:R-HSA-2179407
Reactome:R-HSA-2424476
Reactome:R-HSA-2424477
Reactome:R-HSA-2485180
Reactome:R-HSA-2730840
Reactome:R-HSA-350769
Reactome:R-HSA-354173
Reactome:R-HSA-379044
Reactome:R-HSA-379048
Reactome:R-HSA-380073
Reactome:R-HSA-389348
Reactome:R-HSA-389350
Reactome:R-HSA-392054
Reactome:R-HSA-392195
Reactome:R-HSA-3928592
Reactome:R-HSA-3928612
Reactome:R-HSA-3928628
Reactome:R-HSA-3928632
Reactome:R-HSA-3928633
Reactome:R-HSA-3928642
Reactome:R-HSA-3928651
Reactome:R-HSA-392870
Reactome:R-HSA-3965444
Reactome:R-HSA-399938
Reactome:R-HSA-399995
Reactome:R-HSA-4093336
Reactome:R-HSA-416530
Reactome:R-HSA-416588
Reactome:R-HSA-418579
Reactome:R-HSA-418850
Reactome:R-HSA-418856
Reactome:R-HSA-419166
Reactome:R-HSA-420883
Reactome:R-HSA-428535
Reactome:R-HSA-428750
Reactome:R-HSA-428917
Reactome:R-HSA-442273
Reactome:R-HSA-442291
Reactome:R-HSA-442314
Reactome:R-HSA-442732
Reactome:R-HSA-445064
Reactome:R-HSA-5218829
Reactome:R-HSA-5218839
Reactome:R-HSA-5218850
Reactome:R-HSA-5617816
Reactome:R-HSA-5623508
Reactome:R-HSA-5623521
Reactome:R-HSA-5637806
Reactome:R-HSA-5637808
Reactome:R-HSA-5654392
Reactome:R-HSA-5654402
Reactome:R-HSA-5654413
Reactome:R-HSA-5654426
Reactome:R-HSA-5654600
Reactome:R-HSA-5654618
Reactome:R-HSA-5654647
Reactome:R-HSA-5654663
Reactome:R-HSA-5655241
Reactome:R-HSA-5655277
Reactome:R-HSA-5655326
Reactome:R-HSA-5655347
Reactome:R-HSA-5672965
Reactome:R-HSA-5686071
Reactome:R-HSA-5686318
Reactome:R-HSA-5694409
Reactome:R-HSA-6807868
Reactome:R-HSA-6811414
Reactome:R-HSA-6811418
Reactome:R-HSA-6811429
Reactome:R-HSA-749453
Reactome:R-HSA-751029
Reactome:R-HSA-825631
Reactome:R-HSA-8848618
Reactome:R-HSA-8850041
Reactome:R-HSA-8851827
Reactome:R-HSA-8851877
Reactome:R-HSA-8851899
Reactome:R-HSA-8875318
Reactome:R-HSA-8875320
Reactome:R-HSA-8875568
Reactome:R-HSA-8875591
Reactome:R-HSA-8876188
Reactome:R-HSA-8876190
Reactome:R-HSA-8876191
Reactome:R-HSA-8876193
Reactome:R-HSA-8876454
Reactome:R-HSA-8876615
Reactome:R-HSA-8876616
Reactome:R-HSA-8876837
Reactome:R-HSA-8877308
Reactome:R-HSA-8877311
Reactome:R-HSA-8877451
Reactome:R-HSA-8877475
Reactome:R-HSA-8877612
Reactome:R-HSA-8877760
Reactome:R-HSA-8877813
Reactome:R-HSA-8877998
Reactome:R-HSA-8964604
Reactome:R-HSA-8980691
Reactome:R-HSA-8982637
Reactome:R-HSA-8982640
Reactome:R-HSA-9013023
Reactome:R-HSA-9013109
Reactome:R-HSA-9013143
Reactome:R-HSA-9013159
Reactome:R-HSA-9013435
Reactome:R-HSA-9014296
Reactome:R-HSA-9014433
Reactome:R-HSA-9017491
Reactome:R-HSA-9018747
Reactome:R-HSA-9018768
Reactome:R-HSA-9018804
Reactome:R-HSA-9018817
Reactome:R-HSA-9018825
Reactome:R-HSA-9026891
Reactome:R-HSA-9029158
Reactome:R-HSA-9032067
Reactome:R-HSA-9032798
Reactome:R-HSA-9033292
Reactome:R-HSA-9036301
Reactome:R-HSA-939265
Reactome:R-HSA-9607304
Reactome:R-HSA-9619803
Reactome:R-HSA-9624845
Reactome:R-HSA-9634418
Reactome:R-HSA-9639286
Reactome:R-HSA-9640167
Reactome:R-HSA-9660824
Reactome:R-HSA-9664991
Reactome:R-HSA-9665009
Reactome:R-HSA-9665404
Reactome:R-HSA-9665408
Reactome:R-HSA-9665700
Reactome:R-HSA-9665707
Reactome:R-HSA-9666428
Reactome:R-HSA-9666430
Reactome:R-HSA-9670436
Reactome:R-HSA-9672163
Reactome:R-HSA-9672170
Reactome:R-HSA-9680385
Reactome:R-HSA-9693111
Reactome:R-HSA-9695853
Reactome:R-HSA-9703441
Reactome:R-HSA-9751201
GDP-dissociation stimulator activity
GDS
GEF
Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor
RhoGEF
guanyl-nucleotide release factor activity
guanyl-nucleotide releasing factor
ARF guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
GNRP
Rab guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
Rac guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
Ral guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
Ran guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
Rap guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
Ras guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
Rho guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
Sar guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
cAMP-dependent guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
molecular_function
GO:0005085
guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
Stimulates the exchange of GDP to GTP on a signaling GTPase, changing its conformation to its active form. Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) act by stimulating the release of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) to allow binding of guanosine triphosphate (GTP), which is more abundant in the cell under normal cellular physiological conditions.
GOC:kd
GOC:mah
PMID:23303910
PMID:27218782
Reactome:R-HSA-109807
GRB2:SOS:p-Y427-SHC1 mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS
Reactome:R-HSA-109817
GRB2:SOS1:p-Y-IRS1,p-Y-IRS2 mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS
Reactome:R-HSA-114544
p115-RhoGEF activation of RHOA
Reactome:R-HSA-1168636
p-RasGRP1,3:DAG cause RAS to exchange GDP for GTP
Reactome:R-HSA-1225951
SOS-mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS (mediated by GRB2:SOS1 in complex with ligand-responsive p-6Y-EGFR mutants)
Reactome:R-HSA-1225957
SOS-mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS (mediated by GRB2:SOS1 in complex with phosphorylated SHC1 and ligand-responsive p-6Y-EGFR mutants)
Reactome:R-HSA-1250383
RAS guanyl-nucleotide exchange mediated by SOS1 in complex with GRB2 and p-Y349,350-SHC1:p-ERBB4
Reactome:R-HSA-1250463
RAS guanyl-nucleotide exchange mediated by SOS1 in complex with GRB2 and p-SHC1:Phosphorylated ERBB2 heterodimers
Reactome:R-HSA-1250498
RAS guanyl-nucleotide exchange mediated by SOS1 in complex with GRB2 and phosphorylated EGFR:ERBB2 heterodimers.
Reactome:R-HSA-1306972
RAS guanyl nucleotide exchange mediated by SOS1 bound to GRB2 in complex with phosphorylated ERBB4:ERBB2 heterodimers
Reactome:R-HSA-1433415
Activation of RAC1
Reactome:R-HSA-1433471
Activation of RAS by p-KIT bound SOS1
Reactome:R-HSA-156913
Regeneration of eEF1A:GTP by eEF1B activity
Reactome:R-HSA-169904
C3G stimulates nucleotide exchange on Rap1
Reactome:R-HSA-170979
(Frs2)C3G stimulates nucleotide exchange on Rap1
Reactome:R-HSA-171026
Guanine nucleotide exchange on RAL
Reactome:R-HSA-177938
SOS1-mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS (EGF:EGFR:GRB2:SOS1)
Reactome:R-HSA-177945
SOS1-mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS (EGF:EGFR:SHC1:GRB2:SOS1)
Reactome:R-HSA-180687
Conversion of Ran-GDP to Ran-GTP
Reactome:R-HSA-186834
SOS-mediated nucleotide exchange on RAS (PDGF receptor:GRB2:SOS)
Reactome:R-HSA-187746
RIT/RIN are activated
Reactome:R-HSA-194518
RhoA is activated by nucleotide exchange and inhibits axonal growth
Reactome:R-HSA-2029445
An unknown GEF exchanges GTP for GDP on CDC42:GDP
Reactome:R-HSA-2029451
Activation of RAC1 by VAV
Reactome:R-HSA-2029467
Activation of RAC1 by CRKII:DOCK180:ELMO
Reactome:R-HSA-203977
SAR1 Activation And Membrane Binding
Reactome:R-HSA-205039
p75NTR indirectly activates RAC and Cdc42 via a guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor
Reactome:R-HSA-210977
Sos-mediated nucleotide exchange of Ras (Tie2 receptor:Grb2:Sos)
Reactome:R-HSA-2179407
SOS1-mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS (HB-EFG-initiated)
Reactome:R-HSA-2424476
Activation of RAC1 by VAV2/3
Reactome:R-HSA-2424477
SOS mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS (SHC)
Reactome:R-HSA-2485180
MII catalyses GDP/GTP exchange on Gt
Reactome:R-HSA-2730840
Activation of RAC1 by VAV
Reactome:R-HSA-350769
trans-Golgi Network Coat Activation
Reactome:R-HSA-354173
Activation of Rap1 by cytosolic GEFs
Reactome:R-HSA-379044
Liganded Gs-activating GPCR acts as a GEF for Gs
Reactome:R-HSA-379048
Liganded Gq/11-activating GPCRs act as GEFs for Gq/11
Reactome:R-HSA-380073
Liganded Gi-activating GPCR acts as a GEF for Gi
Reactome:R-HSA-389348
Activation of Rac1 by pVav1
Reactome:R-HSA-389350
Activation of Cdc42 by pVav1
Reactome:R-HSA-392054
NCAM1:pFAK:Grb2:Sos-mediated nucleotide exchange of Ras
Reactome:R-HSA-392195
Gi activation by P2Y purinoceptor 12
Reactome:R-HSA-3928592
p190RhoGEF exchanges GTP for GDP on RHOA, activating it
Reactome:R-HSA-3928612
KALRN exchanges GTP for GDP on RAC1, activating it
Reactome:R-HSA-3928628
VAV exchanges GTP for GDP on RAC1, activating it
Reactome:R-HSA-3928632
ITSN1 exchanges GTP for GDP on CDC42, activating it
Reactome:R-HSA-3928633
bPIX exchanges GTP for GDP on RAC, activating it
Reactome:R-HSA-3928642
TIAM1 exchanges GTP for GDP on RAC1, activating it
Reactome:R-HSA-3928651
NGEF exchanges GTP for GDP on RHOA
Reactome:R-HSA-392870
Gs activation by prostacyclin receptor
Reactome:R-HSA-3965444
WNT:FZD complex promotes G-protein nucleotide exchange
Reactome:R-HSA-399938
Activation of Rac1 by FARP2
Reactome:R-HSA-399995
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor M3 activates Gq
Reactome:R-HSA-4093336
p-TIAM1 exchanges GTP for GDP on RAC1, activating it
Reactome:R-HSA-416530
FFAR1:FFAR1 ligands activates Gq
Reactome:R-HSA-416588
Activation of Rho by LARG and PDZ-RhoGEF
Reactome:R-HSA-418579
Gq activation by P2Y purinoceptor 1
Reactome:R-HSA-418850
Activation of Cdc42
Reactome:R-HSA-418856
Activation of Rac1
Reactome:R-HSA-419166
GEFs activate RhoA,B,C
Reactome:R-HSA-420883
Opsins act as GEFs for G alpha-t
Reactome:R-HSA-428535
Activation of RAC1 by SOS
Reactome:R-HSA-428750
Gq activation by TP receptor
Reactome:R-HSA-428917
G13 activation by TP receptor
Reactome:R-HSA-442273
VAV1 is a GEF for Rho/Rac family GTPases
Reactome:R-HSA-442291
VAV2 is a GEF for Rho/Rac family kinases
Reactome:R-HSA-442314
VAV3 is a GEF for Rho/Rac family kinases
Reactome:R-HSA-442732
NMDA-activated RASGRF1 activates RAS
Reactome:R-HSA-445064
Activation of Rac1 by VAV2
Reactome:R-HSA-5218829
VEGF induces CDC42 activation by unknown mechanism
Reactome:R-HSA-5218839
DOCK180:ELMO exchanges GTP for GDP, activating RAC1
Reactome:R-HSA-5218850
VAV exchanges GTP for GDP on RAC1, activating it
Reactome:R-HSA-5617816
RAB3IP stimulates nucleotide exchange on RAB8A
Reactome:R-HSA-5623508
GBF1 stimulates nucleotide exchange on ARF4
Reactome:R-HSA-5623521
RAB3IP stimulates nucleotide exchange on RAB8A
Reactome:R-HSA-5637806
SOS-mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS (mediated by GRB2:SOS1 in complex with p-EGFRvIII)
Reactome:R-HSA-5637808
SOS-mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS (mediated by GRB2:SOS1 in complex with phosphorylated SHC1 and p-EGFRvIII)
Reactome:R-HSA-5654392
Activated FGFR1:p-FRS:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Reactome:R-HSA-5654402
Activated FGFR2:p-SHC1:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Reactome:R-HSA-5654413
Activated FGFR3:p-FRS2:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Reactome:R-HSA-5654426
Activated FGFR4:p-SHC1:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Reactome:R-HSA-5654600
Activated FGFR1:p-SHC1:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Reactome:R-HSA-5654618
Activated FGFR2:p-FRS2:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Reactome:R-HSA-5654647
Activated FGFR3:p-SHC1:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Reactome:R-HSA-5654663
Activated FGFR4:p-FRS2:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Reactome:R-HSA-5655241
Activated FGFR2 mutants:p-FRS2:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Reactome:R-HSA-5655277
Activated FGFR3 point, translocation and fusion mutants:p-FRS2:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Reactome:R-HSA-5655326
Activated FGFR1 mutants:p-FRS2:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Reactome:R-HSA-5655347
Activated FGFR4 mutants:p-FRS2:GRB2:SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange
Reactome:R-HSA-5672965
RAS GEFs promote RAS nucleotide exchange
Reactome:R-HSA-5686071
GRB2-1:SOS1:p-Y-SHC mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS
Reactome:R-HSA-5686318
GRB2-1:SOS1:p-3Y-SHC1 mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS
Reactome:R-HSA-5694409
Nucleotide exchange on RAB1
Reactome:R-HSA-6807868
GBF1 stimulates ARF nucleotide exchange
Reactome:R-HSA-6811414
GBF1 stimulates nucleotide exchange on ARF
Reactome:R-HSA-6811418
ARFGAPs stimulate ARF GTPase activity at the Golgi membrane
Reactome:R-HSA-6811429
RIC1:RGP1 stimulates nucleotide RAB6 nucleotide exchange
Reactome:R-HSA-749453
Liganded Gz-activating GPCR acts as a GEF for Gz
Reactome:R-HSA-751029
Liganded G12/13-activating GPCR acts as a GEF for G12/13
Reactome:R-HSA-825631
Glucagon:GCGR mediates GTP-GDP exchange
Reactome:R-HSA-8848618
Activation of RAC1 by the PXN:CRK complex
Reactome:R-HSA-8850041
RAB3GAP1:RAB3GAP2 promotes nucleotide exchange on RAB18
Reactome:R-HSA-8851827
RAS guanyl nucleotide exchange by MET-bound GRB2:SOS1
Reactome:R-HSA-8851877
RAS guanyl nucleotide exchange by SOS1 associated with RANBP9 and MET
Reactome:R-HSA-8851899
RAS guanyl nucleotide exchange by SOS1 bound to GRB2, SCH1-2 and MET
Reactome:R-HSA-8875318
RAB3 GEFs exchange GTP for GDP on RAB3A
Reactome:R-HSA-8875320
RAB5 GEFs exchange GTP for GDP on RAB5
Reactome:R-HSA-8875568
RAPGEF1 activates RAP1
Reactome:R-HSA-8875591
DOCK7 activates RAC1
Reactome:R-HSA-8876188
DENND4s exchange GTP for GDP on RAB10
Reactome:R-HSA-8876190
RAB8 GEFs exchange GTP for GDP on RAB8
Reactome:R-HSA-8876191
RAB9 GEFs exchange GTP for GDP on RAB9
Reactome:R-HSA-8876193
RIC1-RGP1 exchanges GTP for GDP on RAB6
Reactome:R-HSA-8876454
DENND3 exchanges GTP for GDP on RAB12
Reactome:R-HSA-8876615
RAB13 GEFs exchange GTP for GDP on RAB13
Reactome:R-HSA-8876616
DENND6A,B exchange GTP for GDP on RAB14
Reactome:R-HSA-8876837
RAB21 GEFs exchange GTP for GDP on RAB21
Reactome:R-HSA-8877308
MADD exchanges GTP for GDP on RAB27
Reactome:R-HSA-8877311
RAB31 GEFs exchange GTP for GDP on RAB31
Reactome:R-HSA-8877451
MON1:CCZ1 exchanges GTP for GDP on RAB7
Reactome:R-HSA-8877475
TRAPPC complexes exchange GTP for GDP on RAB1
Reactome:R-HSA-8877612
DENND1s exchange GTP for GDP on RAB35
Reactome:R-HSA-8877760
HPS1:HPS4 exchange GTP for GDP on RAB32 and RAB38
Reactome:R-HSA-8877813
DENND5A,B exchange GTP for GDP on RAB39
Reactome:R-HSA-8877998
RAB3GAP1:RAB3GAP2 exchanges GTP for GDP on RAB18
Reactome:R-HSA-8964604
CDC42 in GNB/GNG:PAK1:ARHGEF6:CDC42 is activated
Reactome:R-HSA-8980691
RHOA GEFs activate RHOA
Reactome:R-HSA-8982637
Opsins binds G alpha-t
Reactome:R-HSA-8982640
G-alpha(t):G-beta-gamma:Opsins complex dissociates to active G-alpha(t)
Reactome:R-HSA-9013023
RHOB GEFs activate RHOB
Reactome:R-HSA-9013109
RHOC GEFs activate RHOC
Reactome:R-HSA-9013143
RAC1 GEFs activate RAC1
Reactome:R-HSA-9013159
CDC42 GEFs activate CDC42
Reactome:R-HSA-9013435
RHOD auto-activates
Reactome:R-HSA-9014296
RAC2 GEFs activate RAC2
Reactome:R-HSA-9014433
RHOG GEFs activate RHOG
Reactome:R-HSA-9017491
RHOJ GEFs activate RHOJ
Reactome:R-HSA-9018747
RHOQ GEFs activate RHOQ
Reactome:R-HSA-9018768
RHOU auto-activates
Reactome:R-HSA-9018804
RAC3 GEFs activate RAC3
Reactome:R-HSA-9018817
RHOT1 GEFs activate RHOT1
Reactome:R-HSA-9018825
RHOT2 GEFs activate RHOT2
Reactome:R-HSA-9026891
NTRK2 activates RAS signaling through SHC1
Reactome:R-HSA-9029158
EPO:phospho-EPOR:phospho-JAK2:LYN:IRS2:phospho-CRKL:RAPGEF1:GRB2-1:SOS1,phospho-VAV1 mediates exchange of GTP for GDP bound to RAS
Reactome:R-HSA-9032067
NTRK2 activates RAS signaling through FRS2
Reactome:R-HSA-9032798
DOCK3 activates RAC1
Reactome:R-HSA-9033292
NTRK2 and CDK5 promote activation of RAC1 by TIAM1
Reactome:R-HSA-9036301
ESTG stimulates GTP exchange on GPER:heterotrimeric G-protein s
Reactome:R-HSA-939265
Activation of Rap1 by membrane-associated GEFs
Reactome:R-HSA-9607304
SOS1-mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS downstream of FLT3
Reactome:R-HSA-9619803
p-S516-ARHGEF7 activates RAC1
Reactome:R-HSA-9624845
RCC1 stimulates GDP to GTP exchange on RAN
Reactome:R-HSA-9634418
RAS guanyl-nucleotide exchange mediated by SOS1 in complex with GRB2 and ERBB2 homodimer:p-SHC1
Reactome:R-HSA-9639286
RRAGC,D exchanges GTP for GDP
Reactome:R-HSA-9640167
RRAGA,B exchanges GDP for GTP
Reactome:R-HSA-9660824
ADORA2B (in Ade-Rib:ADORA2B:Heterotrimeric G-protein Gs) exchanges GDP for GTP on Gs
Reactome:R-HSA-9664991
RAS activation by SOS1 bound to phosphorylated heterodimers of ERBB2 KD mutants
Reactome:R-HSA-9665009
RAS activation by SOS1 bound to phosphorylated heterodimers of ERBB2 KD mutants and EGFR
Reactome:R-HSA-9665404
RAS guanyl nucleotide exchange mediated by the p-6Y- ERBB2 ECD mutants:EGF:p-6Y-EGFR:p-SHC1:GRB2:SOS1
Reactome:R-HSA-9665408
RAS activation by SOS1 bound to phosphorylated heterodimers of ERBB2 ECD mutants and EGFR through GRB2
Reactome:R-HSA-9665700
RAS activation by SOS1 bound to phosphorylated heterodimers of ERBB2 TMD/JMD mutants
Reactome:R-HSA-9665707
RAS activation by SOS1 bound to phosphorylated heterodimers of ERBB2 TMD/JMD mutants and EGFR
Reactome:R-HSA-9666428
DOCK180 exchanges GTP for GDP on RAC1:GDP
Reactome:R-HSA-9666430
p-VAV1,2,3 exchanges GTP for GDP on RAC1:GDP
Reactome:R-HSA-9670436
p-KIT mutants:GRB2:SOS catalyzes nucleotide exchange on RAS
Reactome:R-HSA-9672163
SOS-mediated nucleotide exchange on RAS downstream of PDGFRA extracellular domain dimers
Reactome:R-HSA-9672170
SOS-mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS downstream of mutant PDGFR receptors
Reactome:R-HSA-9680385
CSF1R-associated SOS1 mediates exchange of GTP for GDP bound to RAS
Reactome:R-HSA-9693111
RHOF auto-activates
Reactome:R-HSA-9695853
FLT3 mutants:GRB2:SOS1-mediated nucleotide exchange on RAS
Reactome:R-HSA-9703441
SOS1-mediated nucleotide exchange of RAS downstream of FLT3 fusion mutants
Reactome:R-HSA-9751201
p-VAV1,2,3 exchange 6TGTP for GDP on RAC1
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a complex.
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/24130
molecular_function
GO:0005198
structural molecule activity
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a complex.
GOC:mah
GOC:vw
A location, relative to cellular compartments and structures, occupied by a macromolecular machine. There are three types of cellular components described in the gene ontology: (1) the cellular anatomical entity where a gene product carries out a molecular function (e.g., plasma membrane, cytoskeleton) or membrane-enclosed compartments (e.g., mitochondrion); (2) virion components, where viral proteins act, and (3) the stable macromolecular complexes of which gene product are parts (e.g., the clathrin complex).
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/17729
GO:0008372
NIF_Subcellular:sao1337158144
cell or subcellular entity
cellular component
cellular_component
subcellular entity
GO:0005575
Note that, in addition to forming the root of the cellular component ontology, this term is recommended for the annotation of gene products whose cellular component is unknown. When this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the cellular component of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code 'no data' (ND), is used to indicate this.
cellular_component
A location, relative to cellular compartments and structures, occupied by a macromolecular machine. There are three types of cellular components described in the gene ontology: (1) the cellular anatomical entity where a gene product carries out a molecular function (e.g., plasma membrane, cytoskeleton) or membrane-enclosed compartments (e.g., mitochondrion); (2) virion components, where viral proteins act, and (3) the stable macromolecular complexes of which gene product are parts (e.g., the clathrin complex).
GOC:pdt
subcellular entity
NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_100315
The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.
Wikipedia:Extracellular
extracellular
cellular_component
GO:0005576
Note that this term is intended to annotate gene products that are not attached to the cell surface. For gene products from multicellular organisms which are secreted from a cell but retained within the organism (i.e. released into the interstitial fluid or blood), consider the cellular component term 'extracellular space ; GO:0005615'.
extracellular region
The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.
GOC:go_curators
The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, most prokaryotic cells and some protozoan parasites, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin; in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides; in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan; in protozoan parasites such as Giardia species, it's made of carbohydrates and proteins.
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/21669
Wikipedia:Cell_wall
cellular_component
GO:0005618
Not to be used for manual annotation. Please choose a more specific term: for bacteria, annotate to GO:0009274; peptidoglycan-based cell wall, for plants: annotate to GO:0009505 ; plant-type cell wall, for fungi: GO:0009277 ; fungal-type cell wall, and for archae, use GO:0030115 S-layer (see PMID:31214995).
cell wall
The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, most prokaryotic cells and some protozoan parasites, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin; in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides; in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan; in protozoan parasites such as Giardia species, it's made of carbohydrates and proteins.
GOC:giardia
ISBN:0198547684
PMID:15134259
Wikipedia:Microbial_cyst
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.
NIF_Subcellular:sao1702920020
Wikipedia:Cell_nucleus
cell nucleus
horsetail nucleus
cellular_component
GO:0005634
nucleus
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.
GOC:go_curators
horsetail nucleus
GOC:al
GOC:mah
GOC:vw
PMID:15030757
A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information.
Wikipedia:Chromosome
interphase chromosome
prophase chromosome
cellular_component
chromatid
GO:0005694
Chromosomes include parts that are not part of the chromatin. Examples include the kinetochore.
chromosome
A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information.
ISBN:0198547684
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome.
NIF_Subcellular:sao1820400233
Wikipedia:Nucleolus
cellular_component
GO:0005730
nucleolus
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome.
ISBN:0198506732
The contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/23023
Wikipedia:Cytoplasm
cellular_component
GO:0005737
cytoplasm
The contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
ISBN:0198547684
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration.
NIF_Subcellular:sao1860313010
Wikipedia:Mitochondrion
mitochondria
cellular_component
GO:0005739
Some anaerobic or microaerophilic organisms (e.g. Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis and several Microsporidia species) do not have mitochondria, and contain mitochondrion-related organelles (MROs) instead, called mitosomes or hydrogenosomes, very likely derived from mitochondria. To annotate gene products located in these mitochondrial relics in species such as Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis or others, please use GO:0032047 'mitosome' or GO:0042566 'hydrogenosome'. (See PMID:24316280 for a list of species currently known to contain mitochondrion-related organelles.)
mitochondrion
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration.
GOC:giardia
ISBN:0198506732
The double lipid bilayer enclosing the mitochondrion and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space.
cellular_component
GO:0005740
mitochondrial envelope
The double lipid bilayer enclosing the mitochondrion and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space.
GOC:ai
GOC:pz
A closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material. Cells contain one or several vacuoles, that may have different functions from each other. Vacuoles have a diverse array of functions. They can act as a storage organelle for nutrients or waste products, as a degradative compartment, as a cost-effective way of increasing cell size, and as a homeostatic regulator controlling both turgor pressure and pH of the cytosol.
Wikipedia:Vacuole
cellular_component
vacuolar carboxypeptidase Y
GO:0005773
vacuole
A closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material. Cells contain one or several vacuoles, that may have different functions from each other. Vacuoles have a diverse array of functions. They can act as a storage organelle for nutrients or waste products, as a degradative compartment, as a cost-effective way of increasing cell size, and as a homeostatic regulator controlling both turgor pressure and pH of the cytosol.
GOC:mtg_sensu
ISBN:0198506732
A small organelle enclosed by a single membrane, and found in most eukaryotic cells. Contains peroxidases and other enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic processes including free radical detoxification, lipid catabolism and biosynthesis, and hydrogen peroxide metabolism.
GO:0019818
peroxisome vesicle
NIF_Subcellular:sao499555322
Wikipedia:Peroxisome
cellular_component
peroxisomal
GO:0005777
peroxisome
A small organelle enclosed by a single membrane, and found in most eukaryotic cells. Contains peroxidases and other enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic processes including free radical detoxification, lipid catabolism and biosynthesis, and hydrogen peroxide metabolism.
GOC:pm
PMID:9302272
UniProtKB-KW:KW-0576
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached).
NIF_Subcellular:sao1036339110
Wikipedia:Endoplasmic_reticulum
ER
cellular_component
GO:0005783
endoplasmic reticulum
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached).
ISBN:0198506732
A membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelle of the endomembrane system that further processes the core oligosaccharides (e.g. N-glycans) added to proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and packages them into membrane-bound vesicles. The Golgi apparatus operates at the intersection of the secretory, lysosomal, and endocytic pathways.
Golgi
NIF_Subcellular:sao451912436
Wikipedia:Golgi_apparatus
Golgi complex
Golgi ribbon
cellular_component
GO:0005794
Note that the Golgi apparatus can be located in various places in the cytoplasm. In plants and lower animal cells, the Golgi apparatus exists as many copies of discrete stacks dispersed throughout the cytoplasm, while the Golgi apparatus of interphase mammalian cells is a juxtanuclear, often pericentriolar reticulum, where the discrete Golgi stacks are stitched together to form a compact and interconnected ribbon, sometimes called the Golgi ribbon.
Golgi apparatus
A membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelle of the endomembrane system that further processes the core oligosaccharides (e.g. N-glycans) added to proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and packages them into membrane-bound vesicles. The Golgi apparatus operates at the intersection of the secretory, lysosomal, and endocytic pathways.
ISBN:0198506732
An intracellular structure that can catalyze gamma-tubulin-dependent microtubule nucleation and that can anchor microtubules by interacting with their minus ends, plus ends or sides.
Wikipedia:Microtubule_organizing_center
MTOC
microtubule organising centre
cellular_component
GO:0005815
microtubule organizing center
An intracellular structure that can catalyze gamma-tubulin-dependent microtubule nucleation and that can anchor microtubules by interacting with their minus ends, plus ends or sides.
GOC:vw
ISBN:0815316194
PMID:17072892
PMID:17245416
Wikipedia:Microtubule_organizing_center
An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins.
GO:0033279
NIF_Subcellular:sao1429207766
Wikipedia:Ribosome
free ribosome
membrane bound ribosome
cellular_component
ribosomal RNA
GO:0005840
ribosome
An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins.
ISBN:0198506732
free ribosome
NIF_Subcellular:sao1139385046
membrane bound ribosome
NIF_Subcellular:sao1291545653
A cellular structure that forms the internal framework of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The cytoskeleton includes intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles.
Wikipedia:Cytoskeleton
cellular_component
GO:0005856
cytoskeleton
A cellular structure that forms the internal framework of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The cytoskeleton includes intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles.
GOC:mah
PMID:16959967
PMID:27419875
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.
GO:0005887
GO:0005904
juxtamembrane
NIF_Subcellular:sao1663586795
Wikipedia:Cell_membrane
cell membrane
cellular membrane
cytoplasmic membrane
plasmalemma
bacterial inner membrane
inner endospore membrane
integral component of plasma membrane
integral to plasma membrane
plasma membrane lipid bilayer
cellular_component
GO:0005886
plasma membrane
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.
ISBN:0716731363
cellular membrane
NIF_Subcellular:sao6433132645
plasma membrane lipid bilayer
GOC:mah
A protuberance from a cell of an organism that reproduces by budding, which will grow larger and become a separate daughter cell after nuclear division, cytokinesis, and cell wall formation (when appropriate). The daughter cell may completely separate from the mother cell, or the mother and daughter cells may remain associated.
cellular_component
GO:0005933
cellular bud
A protuberance from a cell of an organism that reproduces by budding, which will grow larger and become a separate daughter cell after nuclear division, cytokinesis, and cell wall formation (when appropriate). The daughter cell may completely separate from the mother cell, or the mother and daughter cells may remain associated.
GOC:sgd_curators
The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins.
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/26298
Wikipedia:Cell_cortex
ectoplasm
cellular_component
cell periphery
peripheral cytoplasm
GO:0005938
cell cortex
The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins.
GOC:mah
ISBN:0815316194
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22880
jl
2012-10-23T15:40:34Z
GO:0044261
GO:0044723
Wikipedia:Carbohydrate_metabolism
carbohydrate metabolism
biological_process
GO:0005975
carbohydrate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.
GOC:mah
ISBN:0198506732
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances.
energy pathways
biological_process
intermediary metabolism
metabolic energy generation
GO:0006091
generation of precursor metabolites and energy
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances.
GOC:jl
intermediary metabolism
GOC:mah
The cellular metabolic process in which a cell duplicates one or more molecules of DNA. DNA replication begins when specific sequences, known as origins of replication, are recognized and bound by the origin recognition complex, and ends when the original DNA molecule has been completely duplicated and the copies topologically separated. The unit of replication usually corresponds to the genome of the cell, an organelle, or a virus. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA.
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/10596
GO:0055133
Wikipedia:DNA_replication
biological_process
GO:0006260
DNA biosynthesis is only part of this process. See also the biological process terms 'DNA-dependent DNA replication ; GO:0006261' and 'RNA-dependent DNA replication ; GO:0006278'.
DNA replication
The cellular metabolic process in which a cell duplicates one or more molecules of DNA. DNA replication begins when specific sequences, known as origins of replication, are recognized and bound by the origin recognition complex, and ends when the original DNA molecule has been completely duplicated and the copies topologically separated. The unit of replication usually corresponds to the genome of the cell, an organelle, or a virus. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA.
GOC:mah
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway.
Wikipedia:DNA_repair
biological_process
GO:0006281
DNA repair
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway.
PMID:11563486
Any process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Interchromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction.
biological_process
GO:0006310
DNA recombination
Any process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Interchromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction.
ISBN:0198506732
The assembly or remodeling of chromatin composed of DNA complexed with histones, other associated proteins, and sometimes RNA.
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22130
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/23549
GO:0006333
GO:0006336
GO:0016568
GO:0031497
GO:0034724
chromatin maintenance
chromatin organisation
establishment of chromatin architecture
establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture
DNA replication-independent chromatin assembly
DNA replication-independent chromatin organization
DNA replication-independent nucleosome organisation
DNA replication-independent nuclesome assembly
chromatin assembly
transcription-coupled nucleosome assembly
biological_process
chromatin assembly or disassembly
chromatin assembly/disassembly
chromatin modification
GO:0006325
chromatin organization
The assembly or remodeling of chromatin composed of DNA complexed with histones, other associated proteins, and sometimes RNA.
PMID:20404130
chromatin organisation
GOC:mah
establishment of chromatin architecture
GOC:mah
establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture
GOC:mah
The initial step of transcription, consisting of the assembly of the RNA polymerase preinitiation complex (PIC) at a gene promoter, as well as the formation of the first few bonds of the RNA transcript. Transcription initiation includes abortive initiation events, which occur when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released, and ends when promoter clearance takes place.
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/23386
GO:0001123
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase complex assembly at promoter
DNA-dependent transcription, initiation
DNA-templated transcription, initiation
initiation of DNA-dependent transcription
initiation of transcription, DNA-dependent
transcription initiation from bacterial-type RNA polymerase promoter
biological_process
transcription initiation factor activity
transcription initiation, DNA-dependent
GO:0006352
Note that promoter clearance is represented as a separate step, not part_of either initiation or elongation.
DNA-templated transcription initiation
The initial step of transcription, consisting of the assembly of the RNA polymerase preinitiation complex (PIC) at a gene promoter, as well as the formation of the first few bonds of the RNA transcript. Transcription initiation includes abortive initiation events, which occur when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released, and ends when promoter clearance takes place.
GOC:jid
GOC:txnOH
PMID:18280161
DNA-dependent transcription, initiation
GOC:txnOH
initiation of DNA-dependent transcription
GOC:jh2
initiation of transcription, DNA-dependent
GOC:mah
transcription initiation, DNA-dependent
GOC:jh2
The completion of transcription: the RNA polymerase pauses, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, followed by the release of the RNA polymerase from its DNA template.
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/23386
GO:0001125
transcriptional complex disassembly
DNA-dependent transcription, termination
DNA-templated transcription, termination
termination of DNA-dependent transcription
termination of transcription, DNA-dependent
transcription termination from bacterial-type RNA polymerase promoter
biological_process
transcription termination factor activity
transcription termination, DNA-dependent
GO:0006353
DNA-templated transcription termination
The completion of transcription: the RNA polymerase pauses, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, followed by the release of the RNA polymerase from its DNA template.
GOC:txnOH
PMID:15020047
PMID:18280161
PMID:30978344
DNA-dependent transcription, termination
GOC:txnOH
termination of DNA-dependent transcription
GOC:jh2
termination of transcription, DNA-dependent
GOC:mah
transcription termination, DNA-dependent
GOC:jh2
The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by an RNA polymerase.
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/23386
GO:0001124
RNA elongation
DNA-dependent transcription, elongation
DNA-templated transcription, elongation
transcription elongation, DNA-dependent
transcriptional elongation, DNA-dependent
RNA elongation from bacterial-type RNA polymerase promoter
transcription elongation from bacterial-type RNA polymerase promoter
biological_process
GO:0006354
DNA-templated transcription elongation
The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by an RNA polymerase.
GOC:mah
GOC:txnOH
PMID:15020047
PMID:18280161
DNA-dependent transcription, elongation
GOC:txnOH
transcription elongation, DNA-dependent
GOC:jh2
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase I (RNAP I), originating at an RNAP I promoter.
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/14854
transcription from Pol I promoter
transcription from RNA polymerase I promoter
biological_process
RNA polymerase I transcription factor activity
GO:0006360
transcription by RNA polymerase I
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase I (RNAP I), originating at an RNAP I promoter.
GOC:jl
GOC:txnOH
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules.
GO:0006365
35S primary transcript processing
biological_process
GO:0006364
rRNA processing
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules.
GOC:curators
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (RNAP II), originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/14854
GO:0032568
GO:0032569
transcription from Pol II promoter
transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
biological_process
RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity
gene-specific transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
general transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
specific transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
GO:0006366
transcription by RNA polymerase II
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (RNAP II), originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
GOC:jl
GOC:txnOH
ISBN:0321000382
specific transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
GOC:mah
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III, originating at an RNAP III promoter.
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/14854
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/9617
krc
2010-08-18T06:37:56Z
GO:0001009
GO:0001035
GO:0001041
transcription from Pol III promoter
transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter
U2 snRNA transcription (S. cerevisiae)
U6 snRNA transcription (mammalian)
transcription from RNA polymerase III type 2 promoter
transcription from RNA polymerase III type 3 promoter
transcription from a RNA polymerase III hybrid type promoter
biological_process
RNA polymerase III transcription factor activity
GO:0006383
transcription by RNA polymerase III
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III, originating at an RNAP III promoter.
GOC:jl
GOC:txnOH
PMID:12381659
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide.
biological_process
mRNA maturation
GO:0006397
mRNA processing
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide.
GOC:mah
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.
RNA breakdown
RNA catabolism
RNA degradation
biological_process
GO:0006401
RNA catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.
ISBN:0198506732
The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA or circRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA.
GO:0006440
GO:0006454
biopolymerisation
biopolymerization
protein synthesis initiation
translation initiation
biological_process
GO:0006413
translational initiation
The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA or circRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA.
ISBN:019879276X
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis.
GO:0006442
GO:0006455
protein synthesis elongation
translation elongation
biological_process
GO:0006414
translational elongation
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis.
GOC:ems
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA.
GO:0006445
regulation of protein anabolism
regulation of protein biosynthesis
regulation of protein formation
regulation of protein synthesis
biological_process
GO:0006417
regulation of translation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA.
GOC:isa_complete
The synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA and the alpha carboxylic acid group of an amino acid, to be used in ribosome-mediated polypeptide synthesis.
MetaCyc:TRNA-CHARGING-PWY
tRNA charging
biological_process
GO:0006418
tRNA aminoacylation for protein translation
The synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA and the alpha carboxylic acid group of an amino acid, to be used in ribosome-mediated polypeptide synthesis.
GOC:ma
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure.
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/25673
GO:0007022
GO:0007024
GO:0007025
Wikipedia:Protein_folding
alpha-tubulin folding
beta-tubulin folding
chaperonin-mediated tubulin folding
biological_process
chaperone activity
chaperonin ATPase activity
co-chaperone activity
co-chaperonin activity
glycoprotein-specific chaperone activity
non-chaperonin molecular chaperone ATPase activity
protein complex assembly, multichaperone pathway
GO:0006457
protein folding
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure.
GOC:go_curators
GOC:rb
alpha-tubulin folding
GOC:mah
beta-tubulin folding
GOC:mah
chaperonin-mediated tubulin folding
GOC:mah
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein.
protein amino acid phosphorylation
biological_process
GO:0006468
protein phosphorylation
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein.
GOC:hb
protein amino acid phosphorylation
GOC:bf
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein.
protein amino acid dephosphorylation
biological_process
GO:0006470
protein dephosphorylation
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein.
GOC:hb
protein amino acid dephosphorylation
GOC:bf
A protein modification process that results in the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins.
GO:0065006
protein amino acid glycosylation
biological_process
protein-carbohydrate complex assembly
GO:0006486
protein glycosylation
A protein modification process that results in the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins.
GOC:curators
GOC:pr
protein amino acid glycosylation
GOC:bf
The covalent attachment of lipid groups to an amino acid in a protein.
GO:0042050
RESID:AA0059
RESID:AA0060
RESID:AA0077
RESID:AA0078
RESID:AA0079
RESID:AA0080
RESID:AA0102
RESID:AA0103
RESID:AA0104
RESID:AA0106
RESID:AA0107
RESID:AA0158
RESID:AA0159
RESID:AA0160
RESID:AA0161
RESID:AA0162
RESID:AA0163
RESID:AA0166
RESID:AA0223
RESID:AA0290
RESID:AA0307
RESID:AA0308
RESID:AA0309
RESID:AA0316
lipid:protein modification
protein amino acid lipidation
biological_process
GO:0006497
For non-covalent interactions with a lipid, consider instead the term 'lipid binding ; GO:0008289' and its children.
protein lipidation
The covalent attachment of lipid groups to an amino acid in a protein.
GOC:jl
protein amino acid lipidation
GOC:bf
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups.
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/17904
GO:0006519
cellular amino acid metabolic process
cellular amino acid metabolism
biological_process
amino acid and derivative metabolism
cellular amino acid and derivative metabolic process
GO:0006520
amino acid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups.
ISBN:0198506732
The process of targeting specific proteins to particular regions of the cell, typically membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif.
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/26248
Wikipedia:Protein_targeting
protein sorting along secretory pathway
biological_process
nascent polypeptide association
GO:0006605
protein targeting
The process of targeting specific proteins to particular regions of the cell, typically membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif.
GOC:ma
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids.
Wikipedia:Lipid_metabolism
lipid metabolism
biological_process
GO:0006629
lipid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids.
GOC:ma
The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamins. Vitamin is a general term for a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body. Vitamins may be water-soluble or fat-soluble and usually serve as components of coenzyme systems.
vitamin metabolism
biological_process
GO:0006766
vitamin metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamins. Vitamin is a general term for a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body. Vitamins may be water-soluble or fat-soluble and usually serve as components of coenzyme systems.
GOC:ai
The directed movement of a monoatomic ion into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom.
ion transport
biological_process
GO:0006811
monoatomic ion transport
The directed movement of a monoatomic ion into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom.
GOC:ai
The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
GO:0006866
biological_process
GO:0006865
amino acid transport
The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
GOC:ai
The directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.
biological_process
GO:0006869
lipid transport
The directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.
ISBN:0198506732
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of monoatomic ions within a cell. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom.
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/24455
cellular ion homeostasis
cellular monoatomic ion homeostasis
biological_process
GO:0006873
intracellular monoatomic ion homeostasis
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of monoatomic ions within a cell. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom.
GOC:mah
A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle. Exocytosis can occur either by full fusion, when the vesicle collapses into the plasma membrane, or by a kiss-and-run mechanism that involves the formation of a transient contact, a pore, between a granule (for exemple of chromaffin cells) and the plasma membrane. The latter process most of the time leads to only partial secretion of the granule content. Exocytosis begins with steps that prepare vesicles for fusion with the membrane (tethering and docking) and ends when molecules are secreted from the cell.
GO:0016194
GO:0016195
Wikipedia:Exocytosis
vesicle exocytosis
biological_process
nonselective vesicle exocytosis
GO:0006887
exocytosis
A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle. Exocytosis can occur either by full fusion, when the vesicle collapses into the plasma membrane, or by a kiss-and-run mechanism that involves the formation of a transient contact, a pore, between a granule (for exemple of chromaffin cells) and the plasma membrane. The latter process most of the time leads to only partial secretion of the granule content. Exocytosis begins with steps that prepare vesicles for fusion with the membrane (tethering and docking) and ends when molecules are secreted from the cell.
GOC:mah
ISBN:0716731363
PMID:22323285
A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a part of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle.
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/24907
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/25268
GO:0016193
GO:0016196
GO:0098701
Wikipedia:Endocytosis
endocytic import into cell
vesicle endocytosis
plasma membrane invagination
biological_process
nonselective vesicle endocytosis
GO:0006897
endocytosis
A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a part of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle.
GOC:mah
ISBN:0198506732
ISBN:0716731363
Wikipedia:Endocytosis
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.
osmotic response
osmotic stress response
biological_process
GO:0006970
response to osmotic stress
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.
GOC:jl
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism.
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/24775
GO:0034984
response to DNA damage stimulus
cellular DNA damage response
cellular response to DNA damage stimulus
response to genotoxic stress
biological_process
GO:0006974
DNA damage response
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism.
GOC:go_curators
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.
biological_process
GO:0006979
response to oxidative stress
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.
GOC:jl
PMID:12115731
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus.
GO:0048287
nuclear organisation
nuclear organization
biological_process
nuclear morphology
nuclear organization and biogenesis
nucleus organization and biogenesis
GO:0006997
nucleus organization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus.
GOC:dph
GOC:ems
GOC:jl
GOC:mah
nuclear organization and biogenesis
GOC:mah
nucleus organization and biogenesis
GOC:mah
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion; includes mitochondrial morphogenesis and distribution, and replication of the mitochondrial genome as well as synthesis of new mitochondrial components.
mitochondria organization
mitochondrial biogenesis
mitochondrial organization
mitochondrion biogenesis
mitochondrion organisation
biological_process
mitochondrion morphogenesis
mitochondrion organization and biogenesis
GO:0007005
mitochondrion organization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion; includes mitochondrial morphogenesis and distribution, and replication of the mitochondrial genome as well as synthesis of new mitochondrial components.
GOC:dph
GOC:jl
GOC:mah
GOC:sgd_curators
PMID:9786946
mitochondria organization
GOC:mah
mitochondrion organisation
GOC:mah
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.
cytoskeleton organisation
biological_process
cytoskeletal organization and biogenesis
cytoskeletal regulator activity
cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis
GO:0007010
cytoskeleton organization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.
GOC:dph
GOC:jl
GOC:mah
cytoskeletal organization and biogenesis
GOC:mah
cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis
GOC:mah
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a peroxisome. A peroxisome is a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules.
peroxisome organisation
biological_process
peroxisome organization and biogenesis
GO:0007031
peroxisome organization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a peroxisome. A peroxisome is a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules.
GOC:mah
peroxisome organization and biogenesis
GOC:mah
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.
GO:0044086
vacuole organisation
vacuolar assembly
biological_process
vacuole biogenesis
vacuole organization and biogenesis
GO:0007033
vacuole organization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.
GOC:mah
vacuolar assembly
GOC:mah
vacuole biogenesis
GOC:mah
vacuole organization and biogenesis
GOC:mah
The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. In eukaryotes, chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles.
Wikipedia:Chromosome_segregation
chromosome division
biological_process
chromosome transmission
GO:0007059
chromosome segregation
The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. In eukaryotes, chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles.
GOC:jl
GOC:mah
GOC:mtg_cell_cycle
GOC:vw
A form of asexual reproduction, occurring in certain bacteria and fungi (e.g. yeasts) and some primitive animals in which an individual arises from a daughter cell formed by pinching off a part of the parent cell. The budlike outgrowths so formed may sometimes remain attached to the parent cell.
budding
biological_process
GO:0007114
cell budding
A form of asexual reproduction, occurring in certain bacteria and fungi (e.g. yeasts) and some primitive animals in which an individual arises from a daughter cell formed by pinching off a part of the parent cell. The budlike outgrowths so formed may sometimes remain attached to the parent cell.
ISBN:0198506732
The process in which cells grow as a chain of physically attached, elongated cells in response to an environmental stimulus or stimuli.
biological_process
GO:0007124
pseudohyphal growth
The process in which cells grow as a chain of physically attached, elongated cells in response to an environmental stimulus or stimuli.
GOC:krc
PMID:11104818
PMID:19347739
PMID:24710476
The process in which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group.
tRNA maturation
biological_process
GO:0008033
tRNA processing
The process in which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group.
GOC:jl
PMID:12533506
tRNA maturation
GOC:vw
Binding to a protein component of a cytoskeleton (actin, microtubule, or intermediate filament cytoskeleton).
molecular_function
GO:0008092
cytoskeletal protein binding
Binding to a protein component of a cytoskeleton (actin, microtubule, or intermediate filament cytoskeleton).
GOC:mah
Binding to a transcription factor, a protein required to initiate or regulate transcription.
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/19354
TF binding
molecular_function
transcription regulator binding
GO:0008134
Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. Please consier one of the more specific descendants, GO:0140297 ; DNA-binding transcription factor binding, GO:0140296 ; general transcription initiation factor binding or GO:0001221 ; transcription coregulator binding.
transcription factor binding
Binding to a transcription factor, a protein required to initiate or regulate transcription.
ISBN:0198506732
Functions during translation by binding to RNA during polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome.
translation factor activity, nucleic acid binding
molecular_function
GO:0008135
translation factor activity, RNA binding
Functions during translation by binding to RNA during polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome.
GOC:ai
GOC:vw
translation factor activity, nucleic acid binding
GOC:mah
A biological process is the execution of a genetically-encoded biological module or program. It consists of all the steps required to achieve the specific biological objective of the module. A biological process is accomplished by a particular set of molecular functions carried out by specific gene products (or macromolecular complexes), often in a highly regulated manner and in a particular temporal sequence.
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/24968
jl
2012-09-19T15:05:24Z
GO:0000004
GO:0007582
GO:0044699
Wikipedia:Biological_process
biological process
physiological process
biological_process
single organism process
single-organism process
GO:0008150
Note that, in addition to forming the root of the biological process ontology, this term is recommended for the annotation of gene products whose biological process is unknown. When this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the biological process of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code 'no data' (ND), is used to indicate this.
biological_process
A biological process is the execution of a genetically-encoded biological module or program. It consists of all the steps required to achieve the specific biological objective of the module. A biological process is accomplished by a particular set of molecular functions carried out by specific gene products (or macromolecular complexes), often in a highly regulated manner and in a particular temporal sequence.
GOC:pdt
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to an acceptor molecule.
GO:0004480
methylase
EC:2.1.1.-
Reactome:R-HSA-212269
Reactome:R-HSA-379387
Reactome:R-HSA-379464
Reactome:R-HSA-6800149
Reactome:R-HSA-71286
Reactome:R-HSA-9710490
molecular_function
GO:0008168
methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to an acceptor molecule.
ISBN:0198506732
Reactome:R-HSA-212269
DNMT1,3A,3B:PRC2 methylates cytosine and histone H3
Reactome:R-HSA-379387
COMT transfers Met to DA to form 3MT
Reactome:R-HSA-379464
COMT transfers Met to DOPAC to form HVA
Reactome:R-HSA-6800149
N6AMT1:TRMT112 transfers CH3 group from AdoMet to MMAIII
Reactome:R-HSA-71286
guanidinoacetate + S-adenosylmethionine => creatine + S-adenosylhomocysteine
Reactome:R-HSA-9710490
The GSDME gene promoter is hypermethylated
The addition of an alkyl group to a protein amino acid. Alkyl groups are derived from alkanes by removal of one hydrogen atom.
protein amino acid alkylation
biological_process
GO:0008213
protein alkylation
The addition of an alkyl group to a protein amino acid. Alkyl groups are derived from alkanes by removal of one hydrogen atom.
GOC:ma
protein amino acid alkylation
GOC:bf
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond. A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed when the carbon atom from the carboxyl group of one amino acid shares electrons with the nitrogen atom from the amino group of a second amino acid.
GO:0070010
GO:0070011
EC:3.4.-.-
Reactome:R-HSA-205112
Reactome:R-HSA-3000243
Reactome:R-HSA-3000263
Reactome:R-HSA-3065958
Reactome:R-HSA-3065959
Reactome:R-HSA-3139027
Reactome:R-HSA-376149
Reactome:R-HSA-4167501
Reactome:R-HSA-448678
Reactome:R-HSA-5655483
Reactome:R-HSA-5684864
Reactome:R-HSA-5685902
Reactome:R-HSA-6803060
hydrolase, acting on peptide bonds
peptide hydrolase activity
protease activity
peptidase activity, acting on D-amino acid peptides
peptidase activity, acting on L-amino acid peptides
proteinase activity
molecular_function
GO:0008233
peptidase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond. A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed when the carbon atom from the carboxyl group of one amino acid shares electrons with the nitrogen atom from the amino group of a second amino acid.
GOC:jl
ISBN:0815332181
Reactome:R-HSA-205112
gamma-secretase cleaves p75NTR, releasing NRIF and TRAF6
Reactome:R-HSA-3000243
Unknown lysosomal protease degrades CBLIF:RCbl to release Cbl
Reactome:R-HSA-3000263
TCN2:RCbl is degraded to release RCbl
Reactome:R-HSA-3065958
An unknown protease degrades ACACA
Reactome:R-HSA-3065959
An unknown protease degrades hCBXs
Reactome:R-HSA-3139027
Maturation of HIV Virion
Reactome:R-HSA-376149
Proteolytic processing of SLIT
Reactome:R-HSA-4167501
An unknown protease degrades ACACB
Reactome:R-HSA-448678
CTSG cleaves CASP1(1-404)
Reactome:R-HSA-5655483
USP1 autocleavage
Reactome:R-HSA-5684864
NAPSA, CTSH, PGA3-5 cleave pro-SFTPB
Reactome:R-HSA-5685902
NAPSA, CTSH, PGA3-5 cleave pro-SFTPC
Reactome:R-HSA-6803060
DCD(63-110) is processed to DCD(63-109)
Binding to a lipid.
molecular_function
GO:0008289
lipid binding
Binding to a lipid.
GOC:ai
The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA.
GO:0006395
Wikipedia:RNA_splicing
biological_process
pre-mRNA splicing factor activity
GO:0008380
RNA splicing
The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA.
GOC:krc
GOC:mah
The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carbohydrates are a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.
GO:0006861
GO:0008644
sugar transport
biological_process
GO:0008643
carbohydrate transport
The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carbohydrates are a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.
GOC:ai
The chemical reactions and pathways involving oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.
GO:0051690
oligosaccharide metabolism
multicellular organismal oligosaccharide metabolic process
biological_process
GO:0009311
oligosaccharide metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.
ISBN:0198506732
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism.
GO:0006951
response to heat shock
biological_process
GO:0009408
response to heat
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism.
GOC:lr
The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an RNA molecule to produce an RNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.
GO:0016547
Wikipedia:RNA_editing
RNA editing
biological_process
GO:0009451
The term 'RNA editing' (GO:0016547) was merged into 'RNA modification' (GO:0009451) on the basis of statements in the preface of Modification and Editing of RNA (ISBN:1555811337) that there is no clear distinction between modification and editing.
RNA modification
The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an RNA molecule to produce an RNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.
GOC:go_curators
ISBN:1555811337
RNA editing
GOC:hjd
The infolding of a membrane.
jl
2013-12-02T13:58:34Z
GO:1902534
biological_process
single-organism membrane invagination
GO:0010324
membrane invagination
The infolding of a membrane.
GOC:tb
A collection of membranous structures involved in transport within the cell. The main components of the endomembrane system are endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles, cell membrane and nuclear envelope. Members of the endomembrane system pass materials through each other or though the use of vesicles.
Wikipedia:Endomembrane_system
cellular_component
GO:0012505
endomembrane system
A collection of membranous structures involved in transport within the cell. The main components of the endomembrane system are endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles, cell membrane and nuclear envelope. Members of the endomembrane system pass materials through each other or though the use of vesicles.
GOC:lh
The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
GO:0015831
enzyme transport
biological_process
GO:0015031
protein transport
The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
GOC:ai
The directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
biological_process
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
GO:0015931
nucleobase-containing compound transport
The directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
GOC:ai
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
GOC:dph
GOC:tb
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it and attached to it.
2014-03-06T11:37:54Z
GO:0016021
GO:0098589
GO:0098805
Wikipedia:Biological_membrane
Wikipedia:Transmembrane_protein
integral component of membrane
integral to membrane
membrane region
region of membrane
whole membrane
cellular_component
transmembrane
GO:0016020
membrane
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it and attached to it.
GOC:dos
GOC:mah
ISBN:0815316194
transmembrane
GOC:mah
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vesicle.
vesicle organisation
biological_process
vesicle organization and biogenesis
GO:0016050
vesicle organization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vesicle.
GOC:mah
vesicle organization and biogenesis
GOC:mah
The directed movement of substances mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials enclosed in the lumen or located in the endosomal membrane.
GO:0032439
endosome localisation
biological_process
endosome localization
endosome transport
GO:0016197
endosomal transport
The directed movement of substances mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials enclosed in the lumen or located in the endosomal membrane.
ISBN:0198506732
endosome localisation
GOC:mah
endosome transport
GOC:bf
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
Reactome:R-HSA-6788855
Reactome:R-HSA-6788867
phosphokinase activity
molecular_function
GO:0016301
Note that this term encompasses all activities that transfer a single phosphate group; although ATP is by far the most common phosphate donor, reactions using other phosphate donors are included in this term.
kinase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
ISBN:0198506732
Reactome:R-HSA-6788855
FN3KRP phosphorylates PsiAm, RibAm
Reactome:R-HSA-6788867
FN3K phosphorylates ketosamines
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced.
EC:1.-.-.-
Reactome:R-HSA-1614362
Reactome:R-HSA-209921
Reactome:R-HSA-209960
Reactome:R-HSA-3095889
Reactome:R-HSA-390425
Reactome:R-HSA-390438
Reactome:R-HSA-5662660
Reactome:R-HSA-8878581
Reactome:R-HSA-8936442
Reactome:R-HSA-9020249
Reactome:R-HSA-9020260
Reactome:R-HSA-9024624
Reactome:R-HSA-9024630
Reactome:R-HSA-9025007
Reactome:R-HSA-9026001
Reactome:R-HSA-9026917
Reactome:R-HSA-9027033
Reactome:R-HSA-9693722
redox activity
oxidoreductase activity, acting on other substrates
molecular_function
GO:0016491
oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced.
GOC:go_curators
Reactome:R-HSA-1614362
SUMF1 mediates the oxidation of cysteine to formylglycine, producing active arylsulfatases
Reactome:R-HSA-209921
Monoiodinated tyrosine can be deiodinated
Reactome:R-HSA-209960
Diiodinated tyrosine can be deiodinated
Reactome:R-HSA-3095889
MMACHC dealkylates RCbl
Reactome:R-HSA-390425
FAR1 reduces PalmCoA to HXOL
Reactome:R-HSA-390438
FAR2 reduces PalmCoA to HXOL
Reactome:R-HSA-5662660
Dopachrome is transformed to DHICA by DCT
Reactome:R-HSA-8878581
TYRP1 oxidises DHICA to IQCA
Reactome:R-HSA-8936442
MARC1,MARC2 reduce N-hydroxylated compounds
Reactome:R-HSA-9020249
Hydroperoxy reductase reduces 4(S)-Hp-17(S)-HDHA to RvD6
Reactome:R-HSA-9020260
Hydroperoxy reducatse reduces 7(S)-Hp-17(S)-HDHA to RvD5
Reactome:R-HSA-9024624
Hydroperoxy reductase reduces 4(S)-Hp-17(R)-HDHA to AT-RvD6
Reactome:R-HSA-9024630
Hydroperoxy reductase reduces 7(S)-Hp-17(R)-HDHA to AT-RvD5
Reactome:R-HSA-9025007
Hydroperoxy reductase reduces 7(S),14(S)-diHp-DHA to 7-epi-MaR1
Reactome:R-HSA-9026001
Hydroperoxy reductase reduces 7,17-diHp-DPAn-3 to RvD5n-3DPA
Reactome:R-HSA-9026917
Lipoxygenase dehydrogenates 7(S),17(S)-diHp-DHA to 7S(8)-epoxy-17(S)-HDHA
Reactome:R-HSA-9027033
Hydroperoxy reducatase reduces 14(S)-Hp-DHA to 14(S)-HDHA
Reactome:R-HSA-9693722
Unknown sepiapterin synthase transforms PTHP to sepiapterin
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2.
EC:2.-.-.-
Reactome:R-HSA-1483089
Reactome:R-HSA-1483186
Reactome:R-HSA-5668414
Reactome:R-HSA-8868783
molecular_function
GO:0016740
transferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2.
ISBN:0198506732
Reactome:R-HSA-1483089
PE is converted to PS by PTDSS2
Reactome:R-HSA-1483186
PC is converted to PS by PTDSS1
Reactome:R-HSA-5668414
TRAF2 ubiquitinates cIAP1,2 in cIAP1,2:TRAF1:TRAF2:TRAF3:NIK
Reactome:R-HSA-8868783
TSR3 transfers aminocarboxypropyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to N(1)-methylpseudouridine-1248 of 18SE rRNA yielding N(1)-methyl-N(3)-aminocarboxypropylpseudouridine-1248
Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
GO:0016932
EC:2.4.-.-
Reactome:R-HSA-5173005
Reactome:R-HSA-6785565
transferase activity, transferring glycosyl groups
transglycosidase activity
transglycosylase activity
transferase activity, transferring other glycosyl groups
molecular_function
GO:0016757
glycosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
GOC:jl
ISBN:0198506732
Reactome:R-HSA-5173005
B3GALTL transfers glucose to O-fucosyl-proteins
Reactome:R-HSA-6785565
Defective B3GALTL does not transfer glucose to O-fucosyl-proteins
Catalysis of the transfer of a nucleotidyl group to a reactant.
EC:2.7.7.-
Reactome:R-HSA-6782434
molecular_function
GO:0016779
nucleotidyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a nucleotidyl group to a reactant.
ISBN:0198506732
Reactome:R-HSA-6782434
THG1L transfers GMP to 5' end of tRNA(His)
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc.
EC:3.-.-.-
Reactome:R-HSA-1236938
Reactome:R-HSA-2029475
Reactome:R-HSA-5694583
Reactome:R-HSA-5695964
Reactome:R-HSA-6786190
Reactome:R-HSA-6788295
Reactome:R-HSA-8938314
Reactome:R-HSA-8952137
molecular_function
GO:0016787
hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc.
ISBN:0198506732
Reactome:R-HSA-1236938
Partial proteolysis of antigen in phagolysosomes
Reactome:R-HSA-2029475
Production of AA by iPLA2 upon FCGR activation
Reactome:R-HSA-5694583
ABHD4 hydrolyses NAPE
Reactome:R-HSA-5695964
ABHD14B hydrolyses PNPB
Reactome:R-HSA-6786190
CMBL hydrolyses OM to OLMS
Reactome:R-HSA-6788295
HDHD1:Mg2+ dephosphorylates PURIDP
Reactome:R-HSA-8938314
ENPPs hydrolyse CoA-SH to PPANT, PAP
Reactome:R-HSA-8952137
Phospholipid phosphatase 6 hydrolyses Presqualene diphosphate to presqualene monophosphate
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing phosphate ions.
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/25755
GO:0003869
GO:0016302
EC:3.1.3.-
Reactome:R-HSA-4419986
Reactome:R-HSA-9636457
Reactome:R-HSA-9837419
phosphoric monoester hydrolase activity
molecular_function
phosphatase
GO:0016791
phosphatase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing phosphate ions.
GOC:curators
GOC:pg
Reactome:R-HSA-4419986
Unknown pPPP phosphatase dephosphorylates pPPP to pPNOL
Reactome:R-HSA-9636457
SapM dephosphorylates PI3P
Reactome:R-HSA-9837419
PANK4 hydrolyzes PPANT to pantetheine
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any glycosyl bond.
EC:3.2.-.-
Reactome:R-HSA-1793176
Reactome:R-HSA-2065233
glycosidase activity
N-glycosylase
glycosylase
molecular_function
GO:0016798
hydrolase activity, acting on glycosyl bonds
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any glycosyl bond.
GOC:jl
Reactome:R-HSA-1793176
DS is cleaved from its proteoglycan
Reactome:R-HSA-2065233
CS is cleaved from its proteoglycan
Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring.
EC:4.-.-.-
Reactome:R-HSA-5696408
Reactome:R-HSA-6782895
molecular_function
GO:0016829
lyase activity
Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring.
ISBN:0198547684
Reactome:R-HSA-5696408
PXLP-K278-PHYKPL tetramer hydrolyses 5PHL
Reactome:R-HSA-6782895
TYW1:FMN:4Fe-4S transforms 1-methylguanosine yielding yW-187 (4-demethylwyosine) at nucleotide 37 of tRNA(Phe)
Catalysis of the geometric or structural changes within one molecule. Isomerase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 5.
EC:5.-.-.-
Reactome:R-HSA-6787623
other isomerase activity
molecular_function
GO:0016853
isomerase activity
Catalysis of the geometric or structural changes within one molecule. Isomerase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 5.
ISBN:0198506732
Reactome:R-HSA-6787623
TSTA3 dimer epimerises GDP-DHDMan to GDP-KDGal
Catalysis of the joining of two molecules, or two groups within a single molecule, using the energy from the hydrolysis of ATP, a similar triphosphate, or a pH gradient.
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/19380
EC:6.-.-.-
synthetase activity
molecular_function
GO:0016874
ligase activity
Catalysis of the joining of two molecules, or two groups within a single molecule, using the energy from the hydrolysis of ATP, a similar triphosphate, or a pH gradient.
GOC:mah
synthetase activity
GOC:jh2
The alteration of an amino acid residue in a peptide.
biological_process
GO:0018193
peptidyl-amino acid modification
The alteration of an amino acid residue in a peptide.
GOC:mah
Binding to a ribosomal RNA.
GO:0000944
base pairing with rRNA
molecular_function
GO:0019843
rRNA binding
Binding to a ribosomal RNA.
GOC:jl
Binding to an enzyme, a protein with catalytic activity.
molecular_function
GO:0019899
enzyme binding
Binding to an enzyme, a protein with catalytic activity.
GOC:jl
Enables the transfer of a substance, usually a specific substance or a group of related substances, from one side of a membrane to the other.
GO:0005386
GO:0015563
GO:0015646
GO:0022891
GO:0022892
Reactome:R-HSA-1236947
Reactome:R-HSA-429036
Reactome:R-HSA-434650
Reactome:R-HSA-5638209
Reactome:R-HSA-5671707
Reactome:R-HSA-6784434
Reactome:R-HSA-6784436
molecular_function
substrate-specific transmembrane transporter activity
substrate-specific transporter activity
uptake permease activity
uptake transmembrane transporter activity
GO:0022857
transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of a substance, usually a specific substance or a group of related substances, from one side of a membrane to the other.
GOC:jid
GOC:mtg_transport
ISBN:0815340729
Reactome:R-HSA-1236947
Egress of internalized antigen to the cytosol via sec61
Reactome:R-HSA-429036
SLC2A9 transports Fru, Glc, urate
Reactome:R-HSA-434650
MATEs mediate extrusion of xenobiotics
Reactome:R-HSA-5638209
Defective SLC2A9 does not transport Fru, Glc, urate
Reactome:R-HSA-5671707
Fe3+ dissociates from SLC22A17:LCN2:2,5DHBA
Reactome:R-HSA-6784434
An unknown carrier transports cytosolic glyoxylate to the peroxisome
Reactome:R-HSA-6784436
An unknown carrier transports mitochondrial glyoxylate to the cytosol
The entirety of a process in which information is transmitted within a biological system. This process begins with an active signal and ends when a cellular response has been triggered.
jl
2010-02-16T09:30:50Z
GO:0023046
GO:0044700
biological signaling
signaling process
signalling
biological_process
signalling process
single organism signaling
GO:0023052
Note that a signal is any variable property or parameter that serves to convey information, and may be a physical entity such as a gene product or small molecule, a photon, or a change in state such as movement or voltage change.
signaling
The entirety of a process in which information is transmitted within a biological system. This process begins with an active signal and ends when a cellular response has been triggered.
GOC:mtg_signal
GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11
GOC:signaling
signalling process
GOC:mah
Binds to and modulates the activity of an enzyme.
GO:0010576
catalytic regulator activity
enzyme modulator
metalloenzyme regulator activity
molecular_function
GO:0030234
This term should only be used in cases when the regulator directly interacts with the enzyme.
enzyme regulator activity
Binds to and modulates the activity of an enzyme.
GOC:dph
GOC:mah
GOC:tb
catalytic regulator activity
GOC:dph
Any part of a cell where non-isotropic growth takes place.
GO:0000134
GO:0030483
cellular_component
GO:0030427
site of polarized growth
Any part of a cell where non-isotropic growth takes place.
GOC:mah
The codon binding activity of a tRNA that positions an activated amino acid, mediating its insertion at the correct point in the sequence of a nascent polypeptide chain during protein synthesis.
molecular_function
tRNA
transfer RNA
GO:0030533
Note that this term can be used in place of the obsolete term 'transfer RNA ; GO:0005563'.
triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity
The codon binding activity of a tRNA that positions an activated amino acid, mediating its insertion at the correct point in the sequence of a nascent polypeptide chain during protein synthesis.
GOC:hjd
GOC:mtg_MIT_16mar07
ISBN:0198506732
Specifies the site of a posttranscriptional modification in an RNA molecule by base pairing with a short sequence around the target residue.
molecular_function
GO:0030555
Note that this term describes the activity of a nucleic acid, usually RNA, gene product that interacts with other RNA molecules via base pairing; it should not be used to annotate proteins.
RNA modification guide activity
Specifies the site of a posttranscriptional modification in an RNA molecule by base pairing with a short sequence around the target residue.
GOC:mah
PMID:12457565
The binding activity of a protein that brings together two or more macromolecules in contact, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way. The adaptor can bring together two proteins, or a protein and another macromolecule such as a lipid or a nucleic acid.
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/18655
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/19409
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22925
protein binding, bridging
protein-protein adaptor
molecular_function
protein recruiting activity
GO:0030674
protein-macromolecule adaptor activity
The binding activity of a protein that brings together two or more macromolecules in contact, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way. The adaptor can bring together two proteins, or a protein and another macromolecule such as a lipid or a nucleic acid.
GOC:bf
GOC:mah
GOC:vw
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein.
biological_process
GO:0031399
regulation of protein modification process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein.
GOC:mah
GOC:tb
A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell.
GO:0016023
NIF_Subcellular:sao180601769
cellular_component
cytoplasmic membrane bounded vesicle
cytoplasmic membrane-enclosed vesicle
cytoplasmic, membrane-bounded vesicle
GO:0031410
cytoplasmic vesicle
A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell.
GOC:ai
GOC:mah
GOC:vesicles
Binding to a small conjugating protein such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein.
small conjugating protein binding
molecular_function
GO:0032182
ubiquitin-like protein binding
Binding to a small conjugating protein such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein.
GOC:mah
small conjugating protein binding
GOC:dph
Any process involved in mediating the movement of discrete segments of DNA between nonhomologous sites. For elements that are transcribed as the first step of transposition, the process starts with the transcription of the transposable element, its translation and maturation, and ending with integration into DNA. For elements that are cut out, the process starts with the excision of the donor DNA and integrated into another site.
Wikipedia:Transposon
biological_process
GO:0032196
transposition
Any process involved in mediating the movement of discrete segments of DNA between nonhomologous sites. For elements that are transcribed as the first step of transposition, the process starts with the transcription of the transposable element, its translation and maturation, and ending with integration into DNA. For elements that are cut out, the process starts with the excision of the donor DNA and integrated into another site.
ISBN:1555812090
PMID:14682279
PMID:25893143
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of telomeres, terminal regions of a linear chromosome that include the telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins.
chromosome organization, telomeric
organization of chromosome, telomeric region
telomere organisation
biological_process
telomere organization and biogenesis
GO:0032200
telomere organization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of telomeres, terminal regions of a linear chromosome that include the telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins.
GOC:dph
GOC:jl
GOC:mah
telomere organisation
GOC:mah
telomere organization and biogenesis
GOC:mah
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein in a mitochondrion. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein; the mitochondrion has its own ribosomes and transfer RNAs, and uses a genetic code that differs from the nuclear code.
mitochondrial protein anabolism
mitochondrial protein biosynthesis
mitochondrial protein formation
mitochondrial protein synthesis
mitochondrial protein translation
biological_process
GO:0032543
mitochondrial translation
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein in a mitochondrion. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein; the mitochondrion has its own ribosomes and transfer RNAs, and uses a genetic code that differs from the nuclear code.
GOC:go_curators
The chemical reactions and pathways involving monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (COOH) group or anion (COO-).
monocarboxylate metabolic process
monocarboxylic acid metabolism
biological_process
GO:0032787
monocarboxylic acid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (COOH) group or anion (COO-).
GOC:vk
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle.
regulation of organelle organisation
biological_process
regulation of organelle organization and biogenesis
GO:0033043
regulation of organelle organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle.
GOC:mah
regulation of organelle organisation
GOC:mah
regulation of organelle organization and biogenesis
GOC:mah
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus.
response to chemical stimulus
response to chemical substance
biological_process
GO:0042221
Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
response to chemical
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus.
GOC:jl
response to chemical stimulus
GOC:dos
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the mature ribosome and of its subunits.
GO:0042257
ribosomal subunit assembly
biological_process
GO:0042255
ribosome assembly
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the mature ribosome and of its subunits.
GOC:ma
PMID:30467428
ribosomal subunit assembly
GOC:mah
GOC:vw
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a large ribosomal subunit; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.
ribosomal large subunit biogenesis and assembly
biological_process
GO:0042273
ribosomal large subunit biogenesis
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a large ribosomal subunit; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.
GOC:jl
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a small ribosomal subunit; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.
ribosomal small subunit biogenesis and assembly
biological_process
GO:0042274
ribosomal small subunit biogenesis
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a small ribosomal subunit; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.
GOC:jl
Binding to a histone, any of a group of water-soluble proteins found in association with the DNA of eukaryotic or archaeal chromosomes. They are involved in the condensation and coiling of chromosomes during cell division and have also been implicated in gene regulation and DNA replication. They may be chemically modified (methylated, acetlyated and others) to regulate gene transcription.
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/23106
molecular_function
histone-specific chaperone activity
GO:0042393
histone binding
Binding to a histone, any of a group of water-soluble proteins found in association with the DNA of eukaryotic or archaeal chromosomes. They are involved in the condensation and coiling of chromosomes during cell division and have also been implicated in gene regulation and DNA replication. They may be chemically modified (methylated, acetlyated and others) to regulate gene transcription.
GOC:jl
PMID:16209651
PMID:30212449
PMID:9305837
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a starvation stimulus, deprivation of nourishment.
biological_process
GO:0042594
response to starvation
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a starvation stimulus, deprivation of nourishment.
GOC:go_curators
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary snoRNA family RNA transcript into a mature snoRNA (eukaryota) or sRNA (archaea).
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/20416
biological_process
GO:0043144
sno(s)RNA processing
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary snoRNA family RNA transcript into a mature snoRNA (eukaryota) or sRNA (archaea).
GOC:go_curators
GOC:krc
PMID:12773397
Binding to an ion, a charged atoms or groups of atoms.
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/26424
molecular_function
atom binding
GO:0043167
ion binding
Binding to an ion, a charged atoms or groups of atoms.
GOC:jl
The addition of an acyl group, any group or radical of the form RCO- where R is an organic group, to a protein amino acid.
protein amino acid acylation
biological_process
GO:0043543
protein acylation
The addition of an acyl group, any group or radical of the form RCO- where R is an organic group, to a protein amino acid.
GOC:jl
protein amino acid acylation
GOC:bf
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spore over time, from its initiation to the mature structure. A spore is a structure that can be used for dissemination, for survival of adverse conditions because of its heat and dessication resistance, and/or for reproduction.
Wikipedia:Spore
biological_process
GO:0043934
sporulation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spore over time, from its initiation to the mature structure. A spore is a structure that can be used for dissemination, for survival of adverse conditions because of its heat and dessication resistance, and/or for reproduction.
GOC:pamgo_curators
The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which either requires oxygen (aerobic respiration) or does not (anaerobic respiration).
respiration
Wikipedia:Cellular_respiration
oxidative metabolic process
oxidative metabolism
biological_process
GO:0045333
cellular respiration
The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which either requires oxygen (aerobic respiration) or does not (anaerobic respiration).
GOC:das
ISBN:0140513590
ISBN:0198506732
The directed movement of substances into, out of or within the Golgi apparatus, mediated by vesicles.
biological_process
Golgi-derived vesicle transport
GO:0048193
Golgi vesicle transport
The directed movement of substances into, out of or within the Golgi apparatus, mediated by vesicles.
GOC:jid
ISBN:0716731363
PMID:10219233
The creation of a single organelle from two or more organelles.
biological_process
GO:0048284
organelle fusion
The creation of a single organelle from two or more organelles.
GOC:jid
The creation of two or more organelles by division of one organelle.
biological_process
GO:0048285
organelle fission
The creation of two or more organelles by division of one organelle.
GOC:jid
The partitioning of organelles between daughter cells at cell division.
biological_process
GO:0048308
organelle inheritance
The partitioning of organelles between daughter cells at cell division.
GOC:jid
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
biological_process
GO:0051049
regulation of transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
GOC:ai
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA.
regulation of DNA metabolism
biological_process
GO:0051052
regulation of DNA metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA.
GOC:ai
Binding to an unfolded protein.
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/21436
chaperone activity
Reactome:R-HSA-9683772
Reactome:R-HSA-9694337
molecular_function
GO:0051082
unfolded protein binding
Binding to an unfolded protein.
GOC:ai
Reactome:R-HSA-9683772
Trimmed spike protein binds to calnexin
Reactome:R-HSA-9694337
Trimmed spike protein binds to calnexin
The directed movement of substances into, out of, or within the nucleus.
Wikipedia:Nuclear_transport
nucleus transport
biological_process
GO:0051169
nuclear transport
The directed movement of substances into, out of, or within the nucleus.
GOC:ai
Progression through the phases of the meiotic cell cycle, in which canonically a cell replicates to produce four offspring with half the chromosomal content of the progenitor cell via two nuclear divisions.
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/24599
GO:0007126
Wikipedia:Meiosis
biological_process
meiosis
GO:0051321
Note that this term should not be confused with 'GO:0140013 ; meiotic nuclear division'. 'GO:0051321 ; meiotic cell cycle represents the entire mitotic cell cycle, while 'GO:0140013 meiotic nuclear division' specifically represents the actual nuclear division step of the mitotic cell cycle.
meiotic cell cycle
Progression through the phases of the meiotic cell cycle, in which canonically a cell replicates to produce four offspring with half the chromosomal content of the progenitor cell via two nuclear divisions.
GOC:ai
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein as part of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by individual cells.
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/23112
peptidolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process
peptidolysis involved in cellular protein catabolism
proteolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process
biological_process
peptidolysis during cellular protein catabolic process
peptidolysis during cellular protein catabolism
proteolysis during cellular protein catabolic process
proteolysis during cellular protein catabolism
GO:0051603
proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein as part of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by individual cells.
GOC:ai
GOC:dph
GOC:tb
Any process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.
biological_process
GO:0051604
protein maturation
Any process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.
GOC:ai
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.
GO:0000074
GO:0007050
GO:0071156
GO:0071157
GO:0071158
GO:0071850
cell cycle modulation
cell cycle regulation
control of cell cycle progression
modulation of cell cycle progression
regulation of cell cycle progression
regulation of progression through cell cycle
arrest of mitotic cell cycle progression
cell cycle arrest
mitotic cell cycle arrest
negative regulation of cell cycle arrest
positive regulation of cell cycle arrest
regulation of cell cycle arrest
biological_process
cell cycle regulator
tumor suppressor
GO:0051726
regulation of cell cycle
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.
GOC:ai
GOC:dph
GOC:tb
arrest of mitotic cell cycle progression
GOC:mah
The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other.
tb
2015-10-21T13:22:47Z
GO:0090662
membrane transport
ATP hydrolysis coupled transmembrane transport
biological_process
GO:0055085
Transmembrane transport is the transport of a solute across a lipid bilayer. Note that transport through the nuclear pore complex is not transmembrane because the nuclear membrane is a double membrane and is not traversed. For transport through the nuclear pore, consider instead the term 'nucleocytoplasmic transport ; GO:0006913' and its children. Note also that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
transmembrane transport
The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other.
GOC:dph
GOC:jid
The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleobase-containing small molecule: a nucleobase, a nucleoside, or a nucleotide.
nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide metabolism
biological_process
nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide metabolic process
GO:0055086
nucleobase-containing small molecule metabolic process
The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleobase-containing small molecule: a nucleobase, a nucleoside, or a nucleotide.
GOC:vw
The membrane organization process that joins two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane.
jl
2010-02-08T02:48:06Z
GO:0006944
GO:0044801
Wikipedia:Lipid_bilayer_fusion
cellular membrane fusion
biological_process
single-organism membrane fusion
GO:0061025
membrane fusion
The membrane organization process that joins two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane.
GOC:dph
GOC:tb
A protein modification process in which one or more groups of a small protein, such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein, are covalently attached to or removed from a target protein.
mah
2009-05-11T02:54:03Z
biological_process
GO:0070647
protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal
A protein modification process in which one or more groups of a small protein, such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein, are covalently attached to or removed from a target protein.
GOC:mah
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an organelle. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.
mah
2009-09-15T03:00:51Z
biological_process
GO:0070925
organelle assembly
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an organelle. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.
GOC:mah
A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell wall.
mah
2010-01-13T03:19:38Z
GO:0070882
cell wall organisation or biogenesis
cell wall organization or biogenesis at cellular level
cellular cell wall organisation or biogenesis
cellular cell wall organization or biogenesis
biological_process
GO:0071554
cell wall organization or biogenesis
A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell wall.
GOC:mah
cell wall organisation or biogenesis
GOC:mah
cell wall organization or biogenesis at cellular level
GOC:mah
cellular cell wall organisation or biogenesis
GOC:mah
A molecular function characterized by the coupling of ATP hydrolysis to other steps of a reaction mechanism to make the reaction energetically favorable, for example to catalyze a reaction or drive transport against a concentration gradient.
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/21612
https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22371
pg
2021-06-15T07:35:06Z
ATP hydrolysis-dependent activity
ATPase activity
ATPase activity, coupled
ATPase-dependent activity
molecular_function
GO:0140657
Note that this term represents a grouping class that includes all proteins that use ATP hydrolysis to drive a reaction; it is not meant to capture the ATP hydrolysis reaction itself. To annotate ATP hydrolysis, please use 'ATP hydrolysis activity ; GO:0016887'.
ATP-dependent activity
A molecular function characterized by the coupling of ATP hydrolysis to other steps of a reaction mechanism to make the reaction energetically favorable, for example to catalyze a reaction or drive transport against a concentration gradient.
PMID:24878343
PMID:25750732
PMID:32933017
PMID:33818025
PMID:33873056
PMID:33988324
BFO:0000062
external
preceded_by
preceded_by
preceded by
BFO:0000063
external
precedes
precedes
precedes
cjm
2012-03-14T10:35:44Z
GOREL:0000040
external
results_in
results_in
This relation is currently used to connect two regulation processes p1 and p2, such that if r1 regulates p1 and r2 regulates p2, and r1 results_in r2 then the regulation of p1 is required for the regulation of p2. For an example of use, see GO:0035958 'regulation of glyoxylate cycle by regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter'. Note that a precise definition of this relation is under discussion. After it has been formalized it will be added to RO, where it will have a RO ID. Note that the existing identifier and label are subject to change.
results in
GOREL:0001019
external
results_in_division_of
results_in_division_of
use occurs_in
results in division of
GOREL:0002003
external
results_in_distribution_of
results_in_distribution_of
results in distribution of
GOREL:0002004
external
results_in_fission_of
results_in_fission_of
results in fission of
GOREL:0012006
external
results_in_maintenance_of
results_in_maintenance_of
results in maintenance of
RO:0000053
external
bearer_of
bearer_of
bearer of
RO:0000056
external
participates_in
participates_in
participates in
RO:0000057
external
has_participant
has_participant
has participant
RO:0002007
external
bounding_layer_of
bounding_layer_of
bounding layer of
RO:0002008
external
coincident_with
coincident_with
coincident with
RO:0002010
external
regulates_in_other_organism
regulates_in_other_organism
regulates in other organism
RO:0002013
external
has_regulatory_component_activity
has_regulatory_component_activity
has regulatory component activity
RO:0002014
external
has_negative_regulatory_component_activity
has_negative_regulatory_component_activity
has negative regulatory component activity
RO:0002016
external
has_necessary_component_activity
has_necessary_component_activity
has necessary component activity
RO:0002087
external
immediately_preceded_by
immediately_preceded_by
immediately preceded by
RO:0002090
external
immediately_precedes
immediately_precedes
immediately precedes
RO:0002131
external
overlaps
overlaps
overlaps
RO:0002180
external
has_component
has_component
has component
RO:0002215
external
capable_of
capable_of
capable of
RO:0002216
external
capable_of_part_of
capable_of_part_of
capable of part of
RO:0002220
external
adjacent_to
adjacent_to
adjacent to
RO:0002224
external
starts_with
starts_with
starts with
RO:0002230
external
ends_with
ends_with
ends with
RO:0002231
external
has_start_location
has_start_location
has start location
RO:0002232
external
has_end_location
has_end_location
has end location
RO:0002233
external
has_input
has_input
has input
RO:0002234
external
has_output
has_output
has output
RO:0002295
external
results_in_developmental_progression_of
results_in_developmental_progression_of
results in developmental progression of
RO:0002296
external
results_in_development_of
results_in_development_of
results in development of
RO:0002297
external
results_in_formation_of
results_in_formation_of
results in formation of
RO:0002298
external
results_in_morphogenesis_of
results_in_morphogenesis_of
results in morphogenesis of
RO:0002299
external
results_in_maturation_of
results_in_maturation_of
results in maturation of
RO:0002304
external
causally_upstream_of,_positive_effect
causally_upstream_of,_positive_effect
causally upstream of, positive effect
RO:0002305
external
causally_upstream_of,_negative_effect
causally_upstream_of,_negative_effect
causally upstream of, negative effect
RO:0002315
external
results_in_acquisition_of_features_of
results_in_acquisition_of_features_of
results in acquisition of features of
RO:0002332
external
regulates_levels_of
regulates_levels_of
regulates levels of
RO:0002334
external
regulated_by
regulated_by
regulated by
RO:0002335
external
negatively_regulated_by
negatively_regulated_by
negatively regulated by
RO:0002336
external
positively_regulated_by
positively_regulated_by
positively regulated by
RO:0002338
external
has_target_start_location
has_target_start_location
has target start location
RO:0002339
external
has_target_end_location
has_target_end_location
has target end location
RO:0002341
external
results_in_transport_along
results_in_transport_along
results in transport along
RO:0002342
external
results_in_transport_across
results_in_transport_across
results in transport across
RO:0002343
external
results_in_growth_of
results_in_growth_of
results in growth of
RO:0002344
external
results_in_transport_to_from_or_in
results_in_transport_to_from_or_in
results in transport to from or in
RO:0002348
external
results_in_commitment_to
results_in_commitment_to
results in commitment to
RO:0002349
external
results_in_determination_of
results_in_determination_of
results in determination of
RO:0002353
external
output_of
output_of
output of
RO:0002355
external
results_in_structural_organization_of
results_in_structural_organization_of
results in structural organization of
RO:0002356
external
results_in_specification_of
results_in_specification_of
results in specification of
RO:0002404
external
causally_downstream_of
causally_downstream_of
causally downstream of
RO:0002405
external
immediately_causally_downstream_of
immediately_causally_downstream_of
immediately causally downstream of
RO:0002411
external
causally_upstream_of
causally_upstream_of
causally upstream of
RO:0002412
external
immediately_causally_upstream_of
immediately_causally_upstream_of
immediately causally upstream of
RO:0002418
external
causally_upstream_of_or_within
causally_upstream_of_or_within
causally upstream of or within
RO:0002427
external
causally_downstream_of_or_within
causally_downstream_of_or_within
causally downstream of or within
RO:0002505
external
has_intermediate
has_intermediate
has intermediate
RO:0002565
external
results_in_movement_of
results_in_movement_of
results in movement of
RO:0002578
external
directly_regulates
directly_regulates
directly regulates
RO:0002588
external
results_in_assembly_of
results_in_assembly_of
results in assembly of
RO:0002590
external
results_in_disassembly_of
results_in_disassembly_of
results in disassembly of
RO:0002591
external
results_in_remodeling_of
results_in_remodeling_of
results in remodeling of
RO:0002592
external
results_in_organization_of
results_in_organization_of
results in organization of
RO:0002608
external
process_has_causal_agent
process_has_causal_agent
process has causal agent
RO:0002629
external
directly_positively_regulates
directly_positively_regulates
directly positively regulates
RO:0002630
external
directly_negatively_regulates
directly_negatively_regulates
directly negatively regulates
RO:0003000
external
produces
produces
produces
RO:0003001
external
produced_by
produced_by
produced by
RO:0004007
external
has_primary_input_or_output
has_primary_input_or_output
has primary input or output
RO:0004008
external
has_primary_output
has_primary_output
has primary output
RO:0004009
external
has_primary_input
has_primary_input
has primary input
RO:0012001
external
has_small_molecule_activator
has_small_molecule_activator
has small molecule activator
RO:0012003
external
acts_on_population_of
acts_on_population_of
acts on population of
RO:0012008
external
results_in_fusion_of
results_in_fusion_of
results in fusion of
RO:0019000
gene_ontology
regulates_characteristic
regulates_characteristic
regulates characteristic
RO:0019001
gene_ontology
positively_regulates_characteristic
positively_regulates_characteristic
positively regulates characteristic
RO:0019002
gene_ontology
negatively_regulates_characteristic
negatively_regulates_characteristic
negatively regulates characteristic
RO:0040036
external
results_in_changes_to_anatomical_or_cellular_structure
results_in_changes_to_anatomical_or_cellular_structure
results in changes to anatomical or cellular structure